tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2491969775507546102024-02-08T08:33:01.642-08:00How to write an admission essayEssay Topics On Pride And Prejudicejoshuawright1476http://www.blogger.com/profile/06931874209968947098noreply@blogger.comBlogger36125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-249196977550754610.post-26033710234124148382020-08-23T23:42:00.001-07:002020-08-23T23:42:03.225-07:00Green IT Strategies and Applications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words joshuawright1476http://www.blogger.com/profile/06931874209968947098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-249196977550754610.post-51268095758320612062020-08-22T00:03:00.001-07:002020-08-22T00:03:27.776-07:00All About the Economics of InterestAbout the Economics of Interest What is Interest?: Enthusiasm, as characterized by financial specialists, is the pay earned by the loaning of a total of cash. Regularly the measure of cash earned is given as a level of the whole of cash loaned - this rate is known as the financing cost. All the more officially, the Glossary of Economics Terms characterizes the financing cost as the yearly cost charged by a bank to a borrower all together for the borrower to acquire a credit. This is normally communicated as a level of the aggregate sum advanced. Intrigue Types and Types of Interest Rates: Not a wide range of advances procure a similar pace of intrigue. Ceteris paribus (all else being equivalent), advances of longer length and credits with more hazard (that is, advances that are more averse to be paid off) are related with higher financing costs. The article Whats the Difference Between all the Interest Rates in the Newspaper? examines the distinctive assortment of loan costs. What Determines the Interest Rate?: We can think about the loan cost similar to a cost - the cost to get an aggregate of cash for a year. Like practically all different costs in our economy, it is controlled by the twin powers of gracefully and request. Here flexibly alludes to the gracefully of loanable assets in an economy, and request is the interest for advances. National banks, for example, the Federal Reserve and the Bank of Canada can impact the flexibly of loanable assets in a nation by expanding or diminishing the gracefully of cash. To become familiar with the cash flexibly observe: Why does cash have esteem? furthermore, Why Dont Prices Decline During A Recession? Loan costs That Are Adjusted for Inflation: While deciding if to credit cash, one needs to consider the way that costs go up after some time - what costs $10 today may cost $11 tomorrow. On the off chance that you advance at a 5% financing cost, yet costs rise 10% you will have less buying power by making the credit. This wonder is talked about in Calculating and Understanding Real Interest Rates. Loan costs - How Low Can They Go?: More then likely we will never observe a negative ostensible (non-swelling balanced) pace of intrigue, however in 2009 negative financing costs got famous as a potential method to animate the economy - see Why Not Negative Interest Rates?. These future hard to execute by and by. Indeed, even a loan fee of precisely zero would cause issues, as examined in the article What Happens if Interest Rates Go To Zero? joshuawright1476http://www.blogger.com/profile/06931874209968947098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-249196977550754610.post-91579062590918008952020-07-15T08:45:00.001-07:002020-07-15T08:45:03.462-07:00The Best Ways To Offer Effective Feedback - FocusThe Best Ways To Offer Effective Feedback - Focus As a freelancer, I get lots of benefits that dont come with most full-time jobs. I get to choose the work I do and the clients I take on, I make my own hours, and I work from homeâ"in my pajamas, if I want to. But there are upsides and downsides to everything. Freelancing means youre your own boss, and its up to you to keep yourself on task. You also have to think about saving for retirement and paying for insurance, which might be covered if you were an employee. It might sound strange, but not getting feedback is one of the downsides of freelancing, if you ask me. I thrive on feedback. I love hearing about what I did well (who doesnt) and I like knowing what to work on (note my change of language thereâ"I dont actually like to hear about what I can improve on, but I do like to know what needs work; if only I could have one without the other). Anyone whos had to manage people knows how uncomfortable it can be to give feedback to your team members. Even providing positive feedback can be awkward if youre not sure how to do it well. So we end up with a mumbled good job now and then, and managers frustrated over criticisms they canât share, because giving feedback well is rarely taught to managers. Ive been in this situation before, and I know Ive done a horrible job. I can remember uncomfortable conversations where I had to criticise someones performance, and I only wish Id known how to handle it well. But better late than never, right? Lets look at what the experts say about handling a feedback conversation effectively. (Spoiler: weâre about to learn that the âshit sandwichâ is a terrible approach, among other practical advice.) Be Prepared For managers, offering feedback is part of the job. You do your star a disservice if you fail to help her figure out how she can continue to grow,â says Jean-François Manzoni, author and Professor of Leadership and Organizational Development at IMD International. Though top performers tend to be overlooked when it comes to feedback, its something you should be providing for everyone on your team. Kim Castelda, senior vice president at software company Bullhorn, says shes rarely met someone who didnt want to be successful, and giving feedback is an essential part of that. To start your feedback session on the right foot, Castelda suggests taking your role seriously and being prepared before your meeting starts. Leaders should walk in centered, prepared, and organized, she says. You should also prepare examples and data in advance, she says, to back up the points you want to make. Be Specific with Correctional Feedback, General with Directional Feedback When you actually deliver feedback, conflicting advice abounds on how to go about it. In particular, how specific you should be. But there does seem to be a general consensus depending on the situation. When youre providing feedback for creative work, to help an employee understand the direction you want them to take their project in, take a tip from the experts. Pixar director Pete Docter says the best way to provide feedback in this case is to keep it general. Dont tell them exactly what to do, when, and how, he says, but take advantage of your employees creative skills and let them do what they were hired for. If you can use a language that allows them to put in their own specifics, then it becomes much more truthful. â" Pete Docter Docter provides an example from working with animators. Rather than telling them how to animate a particular scene, and at what point the character should do something, he says, it makes more sense to use imagination and memory to evoke the feeling he wants to come across in this part of the film. Reminding the animator of how it felt to squabble with siblings when they were young is enough to get them thinking about how to make that mischievous feeling come through in the film, without telling them exactly what to do. But you may be in an entirely other situation. One where you need to offer corrective feedback to help someone adjust their behavior or the way they approach their work. In this case, most experts agree specificity is important, but with a caveat: feedback should be squarely aimed at the work or behavior itself, not the person. Always describe behaviors, not traits, says Amy Gallo, author of the HBR Guide to Managing Conflict at Work. The more general the coaching advice, say authors Roger Fisher and Alan Sharp in their book Getting It Done: How to Lead When Youre Not in Charge, the more it is taken as a personal indictment. Again, Pixar has this process down pat. When criticising early versions of a film, the Pixar team knows theyre dealing with work that reflects strongly on the artists behind it. To avoid egos and hurt feelings getting in the way of improving the movie, criticism is always clearly aimed at the film itself, rather than its makers. Team management made simple. Get started with MeisterTask Its free! Get started with MeisterTask Start with the Negatives When youre delivering negative news, theres one more thing to remember: if youve ever heard of the shit sandwich approach, nows the time to discard it. The idea of sandwiching bad news between two bits of positive news sounds great in theory, but doesnt work in practice. Evolution has primed us to respond to and remember negative events more strongly, since theyre more often related to life-or-death danger than positive events. A close run-in with a tiger, for instance, would have stuck in our ancestors minds more strongly than a nice meal. They needed to learn from the encounter with the tiger and avoid it happening again, so their brains remembered it vividly. Fortunately, we rarely face life-or-death dangers these days. Unfortunately, we still react more strongly to negative events. Which is why criticism stings so harshly, and we have a hard time letting go of negative experiences. This is why the shit sandwich doesnt work: sandwiching the bad news isnt enough to overcome our natural tendencies to focus on it. The good news is, theres another approach that might work. According to Roy F. Baumeister, professor of social psychology at Florida State University, many good events can overcome the psychological effects of one bad event in our mind. Because it takes many positives to outweigh negatives, Clifford Nass, professor of communication at Stanford University, and author of The Man Who Lied to His Laptop suggests starting with the bad news first, then following it up with lots of positives. This helps to overwhelm the employees brain with good vibes, so they cant dwell on the bad feedback. Be Empathetic Speaking of egos, we all know how much it hurts to get bad feedback on something youve done. Whether its your work, a suggestion you offered in a meeting, or a joke that doesnt land, no one likes the feeling that we could have done better. When youre offering feedback to an employee, remember this. Marcia Reynolds, author of The Discomfort Zone: How Leaders Turn Difficult Conversations into Breakthroughs says we need to be empathetic when discussing feedback. Even if you disagree with their perspective, she says, honor the human in front of you. To ensure the process is respectful and useful to everyone involved, feedback discussions need to be a two-way conversation, not a lecture. Liane Davey, author of You First: Inspire Your Team to Grow Up, Get Along, and Get Stuff Done, says to avoid making the mistake of attributing intent, and instead to just focus on the impact of the behavior. Its all too easy to assume we know why someone made a particular decision, but without asking and truly listening, we cant know for sure. Rather than making harmful assumptions, be open to hearing your employees point of view. Davey suggests asking open-ended questions to learn how your employee took the feedback, whether theyve understood you clearly, and what they plan to do differently next time. Amy Gallo agrees that checking for understanding should be part of your process. She also suggests you and your team member agree on clear next steps and a fair way to measure progress. One final thought: Castelda, who leads a training program on delivering difficult messages, suggests managers keep in mind the positive reasons for providing feedback. If youre finding a conversation difficult or nerve-wracking, remember that your aim in providing feedback is to help your team members succeed and grow. Research shows 53% of managers avoid difficult conversations due to lack of training in how to handle those moments effectively. A 2014 study also found 43% of managers felt that offering corrective feedback was a stressful and difficult experience. If you fit into either of those groups, I hope this research will prove helpful in approaching future feedback sessions. And if nothing else, remember that youre dealing with another human being, and do your best to be empathetic to their point of view. Communicate. Collaborate. Create. Try MeisterTask Its free! Try MeisterTask The Best Ways To Offer Effective Feedback - Focus As a freelancer, I get lots of benefits that dont come with most full-time jobs. I get to choose the work I do and the clients I take on, I make my own hours, and I work from homeâ"in my pajamas, if I want to. But there are upsides and downsides to everything. Freelancing means youre your own boss, and its up to you to keep yourself on task. You also have to think about saving for retirement and paying for insurance, which might be covered if you were an employee. It might sound strange, but not getting feedback is one of the downsides of freelancing, if you ask me. I thrive on feedback. I love hearing about what I did well (who doesnt) and I like knowing what to work on (note my change of language thereâ"I dont actually like to hear about what I can improve on, but I do like to know what needs work; if only I could have one without the other). Anyone whos had to manage people knows how uncomfortable it can be to give feedback to your team members. Even providing positive feedback can be awkward if youre not sure how to do it well. So we end up with a mumbled good job now and then, and managers frustrated over criticisms they canât share, because giving feedback well is rarely taught to managers. Ive been in this situation before, and I know Ive done a horrible job. I can remember uncomfortable conversations where I had to criticise someones performance, and I only wish Id known how to handle it well. But better late than never, right? Lets look at what the experts say about handling a feedback conversation effectively. (Spoiler: weâre about to learn that the âshit sandwichâ is a terrible approach, among other practical advice.) Be Prepared For managers, offering feedback is part of the job. You do your star a disservice if you fail to help her figure out how she can continue to grow,â says Jean-François Manzoni, author and Professor of Leadership and Organizational Development at IMD International. Though top performers tend to be overlooked when it comes to feedback, its something you should be providing for everyone on your team. Kim Castelda, senior vice president at software company Bullhorn, says shes rarely met someone who didnt want to be successful, and giving feedback is an essential part of that. To start your feedback session on the right foot, Castelda suggests taking your role seriously and being prepared before your meeting starts. Leaders should walk in centered, prepared, and organized, she says. You should also prepare examples and data in advance, she says, to back up the points you want to make. Be Specific with Correctional Feedback, General with Directional Feedback When you actually deliver feedback, conflicting advice abounds on how to go about it. In particular, how specific you should be. But there does seem to be a general consensus depending on the situation. When youre providing feedback for creative work, to help an employee understand the direction you want them to take their project in, take a tip from the experts. Pixar director Pete Docter says the best way to provide feedback in this case is to keep it general. Dont tell them exactly what to do, when, and how, he says, but take advantage of your employees creative skills and let them do what they were hired for. If you can use a language that allows them to put in their own specifics, then it becomes much more truthful. â" Pete Docter Docter provides an example from working with animators. Rather than telling them how to animate a particular scene, and at what point the character should do something, he says, it makes more sense to use imagination and memory to evoke the feeling he wants to come across in this part of the film. Reminding the animator of how it felt to squabble with siblings when they were young is enough to get them thinking about how to make that mischievous feeling come through in the film, without telling them exactly what to do. But you may be in an entirely other situation. One where you need to offer corrective feedback to help someone adjust their behavior or the way they approach their work. In this case, most experts agree specificity is important, but with a caveat: feedback should be squarely aimed at the work or behavior itself, not the person. Always describe behaviors, not traits, says Amy Gallo, author of the HBR Guide to Managing Conflict at Work. The more general the coaching advice, say authors Roger Fisher and Alan Sharp in their book Getting It Done: How to Lead When Youre Not in Charge, the more it is taken as a personal indictment. Again, Pixar has this process down pat. When criticising early versions of a film, the Pixar team knows theyre dealing with work that reflects strongly on the artists behind it. To avoid egos and hurt feelings getting in the way of improving the movie, criticism is always clearly aimed at the film itself, rather than its makers. Team management made simple. Get started with MeisterTask Its free! Get started with MeisterTask Start with the Negatives When youre delivering negative news, theres one more thing to remember: if youve ever heard of the shit sandwich approach, nows the time to discard it. The idea of sandwiching bad news between two bits of positive news sounds great in theory, but doesnt work in practice. Evolution has primed us to respond to and remember negative events more strongly, since theyre more often related to life-or-death danger than positive events. A close run-in with a tiger, for instance, would have stuck in our ancestors minds more strongly than a nice meal. They needed to learn from the encounter with the tiger and avoid it happening again, so their brains remembered it vividly. Fortunately, we rarely face life-or-death dangers these days. Unfortunately, we still react more strongly to negative events. Which is why criticism stings so harshly, and we have a hard time letting go of negative experiences. This is why the shit sandwich doesnt work: sandwiching the bad news isnt enough to overcome our natural tendencies to focus on it. The good news is, theres another approach that might work. According to Roy F. Baumeister, professor of social psychology at Florida State University, many good events can overcome the psychological effects of one bad event in our mind. Because it takes many positives to outweigh negatives, Clifford Nass, professor of communication at Stanford University, and author of The Man Who Lied to His Laptop suggests starting with the bad news first, then following it up with lots of positives. This helps to overwhelm the employees brain with good vibes, so they cant dwell on the bad feedback. Be Empathetic Speaking of egos, we all know how much it hurts to get bad feedback on something youve done. Whether its your work, a suggestion you offered in a meeting, or a joke that doesnt land, no one likes the feeling that we could have done better. When youre offering feedback to an employee, remember this. Marcia Reynolds, author of The Discomfort Zone: How Leaders Turn Difficult Conversations into Breakthroughs says we need to be empathetic when discussing feedback. Even if you disagree with their perspective, she says, honor the human in front of you. To ensure the process is respectful and useful to everyone involved, feedback discussions need to be a two-way conversation, not a lecture. Liane Davey, author of You First: Inspire Your Team to Grow Up, Get Along, and Get Stuff Done, says to avoid making the mistake of attributing intent, and instead to just focus on the impact of the behavior. Its all too easy to assume we know why someone made a particular decision, but without asking and truly listening, we cant know for sure. Rather than making harmful assumptions, be open to hearing your employees point of view. Davey suggests asking open-ended questions to learn how your employee took the feedback, whether theyve understood you clearly, and what they plan to do differently next time. Amy Gallo agrees that checking for understanding should be part of your process. She also suggests you and your team member agree on clear next steps and a fair way to measure progress. One final thought: Castelda, who leads a training program on delivering difficult messages, suggests managers keep in mind the positive reasons for providing feedback. If youre finding a conversation difficult or nerve-wracking, remember that your aim in providing feedback is to help your team members succeed and grow. Research shows 53% of managers avoid difficult conversations due to lack of training in how to handle those moments effectively. A 2014 study also found 43% of managers felt that offering corrective feedback was a stressful and difficult experience. If you fit into either of those groups, I hope this research will prove helpful in approaching future feedback sessions. And if nothing else, remember that youre dealing with another human being, and do your best to be empathetic to their point of view. Communicate. Collaborate. Create. Try MeisterTask Its free! Try MeisterTask joshuawright1476http://www.blogger.com/profile/06931874209968947098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-249196977550754610.post-81827462595547907282020-05-21T12:25:00.001-07:002020-05-21T12:25:06.787-07:00The Federalists And Democratic Republicans - 1434 Words From 1789 to 1816, the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans approached many problems differently, sometimes however, they had the same solutions to problems which were posed by England and the Native Americans. The Federalists and Democratic-Republicans both had different and sometimes similar viewpoints on how to solve the problems they faced during this particular time period. Federalists supported a strong, huge government that had a loose constriction of the constitution. They also supported the National Bank, exercise tax. Also, they thought tariffs should be high, and they believed in an industrial world filled with huge businesses and mass production of goods. However, the Democratic- Republicans wanted a more agrarian culture. They did not want a huge government, National bank, excise taxes, and they wanted the tariffs to be low. Some difficulties that the two parties faced were that the British created were impressments of sailors, assisting the Native Americans in war aga inst the United States, and the Orders in Council of 1805. The Native Americans also generated problems for America because they resisted land expansion. Because of their standards and beliefs, this shows how the two parties faced these particular problems that were caused by Britain and the Native Americans. Therefore, the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans solved problems differently, but sometimes they had the same idea to work together in order to effectively fix both of the partiesââ¬â¢Show MoreRelatedFederalists vs. Democratic Republicans922 Words à |à 4 Pagesthat was supposed to preserve our freedoms and certain liberties. All Americans at that time wanted to keep America a free an independent nation with rights for its people. However there was two different groups, the Federalists lead by Alexander Hamilton and the Democratic-Republicans led by Thomas Jefferson, which thought this could be achieved in very different ways. Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton were very different in their methods to try and develop America as a nation. The twoRead MoreFederalists vs. Democratic-Republicans Essay743 Words à |à 3 Pagesgovernment grew and the nation prospered, the rise of leaders and political figures came about and with this, conflicting principles and ideology spawned, thus creating the first of the political parties; the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans. Although the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans ideology and stances on the power of the federal government, domestic economic policies and the group of constituents they represented differed vastly, members of both parties often compromised theirRead MoreFederalists vs. Democratic Republicans Essay484 Words à |à 2 PagesFederalists vs. Democratic Republicans George Washington himself wanted to avoid a party system in America. Unfortunately, even when saying this he was part of the beginning of one of the first parties in United States politics. There have been many different parties surface since the beginning of the American political system. They all have different thoughts, policies, and motivations. Each party has come and gone, some have made significant contributions and others have not. The first splitRead MoreReform Of Action : Federalists Vs Democratic Republican1440 Words à |à 6 PagesPlan of Action: Federalists vs Democratic-Republican From 1789 to 1816, the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans approached many problems differently, sometimes however, they had the same solutions to problems which were posed by England and the Native Americans. The Federalists and Democratic-Republicans both had different and sometimes similar viewpoints on how to solve the problems they faced during this particular time period. Federalists supported a strong, huge government that had a looseRead More1998 Dbq1014 Words à |à 5 Pageson government and the Constitution. The Democratic Republicans, led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, were always characterized by following the strict construction of the constitution. The Federalists, led by Alexander Hamilton, were characterized by following the broad construction of the constitution. The presidencies of Jefferson and Madison proved this characterization to be somewhat accurate. Although the Democratic Republicans and the Federalists did support their own ideas and views,Read MoreThe First American Party System Essay1646 Words à |à 7 PagesIn 1794, the major political parties were the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans. The major difference between these two was that the Federalists favored a strong central government, while the Democratic-Republicans preferred a central government with limited power and more state control. At the time of the election, it seemed that the prominent, distinguished Federalist Party clearly had the upper hand, but in the end the Democratic-Republican candidate ended up winning. Despite the factRead MoreThe Federalist And The Anti Federalist864 Words à |à 4 PagesIn America today there are many political parties which include the Democrats and the Republicans. The beginning of political parties started in 1787 with the federalist, then later on the anti-federalist in 1796. Alexander Hamilton was the leader of the federalist party. Thomas Jefferson was the leader of the anti-federalist; who called themselves the Democratic-Republicans. Our first president, George Washington warned us about having parties and the danger of them. However, not until CongressRead MoreEssay on American Political Parties1589 Words à |à 7 Pagespossible. During the time when the Constitution was being debated over the first two political parties surfaced in the United States, the Federalists, and the Anti-Federalists. After the Constitution was ratified the Anti-Federalists, led by Thomas Jefferson, became the Democratic Republicans. The war of 1812 ended the Federalist Party. The Democratic Republicans began to split over issues and some supported Andrew Jacksons policies and became known as Democrats. Those who opposed Andrew JacksonsRead MoreBeliefs and Ideals of Democrats and Republicans954 Words à |à 4 Pagesï » ¿Decisions and Actions Democratic-Republican Partys Beliefs and Ideals Federalist Partys Beliefs and Ideals Initiated the first Barbary War Aligned most with the Federalists party because it was a display of national power. They were terrified of a strong national government. They were strong believers of a central government Bought the Louisiana Purchase Aligned most with the Federalist party because they believed in expanding national power by expanding their territory and property. TheyRead MoreMadison And Jeffersons Federalist Ideas Essay968 Words à |à 4 PagesStates. The Federalist and Democratic-Republican parties were in strong opposition of one another. Though the Republicans were usually characterized as strict constructionists, who were opposed to the broad constructionism of the Federalists, both Jefferson and Madisons presidencies highlighted Federalist ideals in many of their decisions. This included Jeffersons unconstitutional decision in purchasing the vast Louisiana territory and MadisonsÃ⦠The standard Democratic-Republican had many beliefs joshuawright1476http://www.blogger.com/profile/06931874209968947098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-249196977550754610.post-80634191073055908592020-05-06T23:18:00.001-07:002020-05-06T23:18:04.439-07:00Essay on Saint Augustine of Hippo - 810 Words As one of the most prominent figures of the early church, Saint Augustine is not only recognized for his leadership but also for his knowledge and influence on the thinking and doctrine of the Christian Church. As a priest, he was an important leader of the early African Church; as a philosopher, he brought a new approach to Church Doctrine through the ideas of pagan philosophy (TeSelle 892). These accomplishments put him among the ranks of Thomas Aquinas and other great Church philosophers whose ideas revolutionized the Church. Because of his accomplishments and influence, Augustine was named a Doctor of the Church. Aurilius Augustine was born in Tagaste in 354 A.D. to a pagan father and a saintly mother. His father, although poor andâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦This duelist sect believed in the Devine God who was the embodiment of everything good and an equal evil power. They also believed that the flesh was inherently evil. In the next few years after settling his beliefs with M anechaeism and realizing its faults, Augustine would fall into believing in several other non-Christian movements (Brown 31). After being encouraged to do so by many of his friends, he read many of the writings of the Greek philosophers known as neoplatonists. Along with the sermons of Saint Ambrose, the bishop of Milan, these writings convinced Augustine to contemplate his return to the Christian faith. Eventually he overcame his numerous encounters with heresy, and was baptized into the Catholic Church in the year 387 (Brown 43). From this point on, Augustine became a great leader in the Church, eventually becoming bishop o Hippo. After the death of his mother, Monica, Augustine moved back to his Africa where he entered the monastic life and started a monastery (TeSelle 892). He soon joined the priesthood, and after only four years the people of Hippo elected him to be their bishop (Brown 78). At this point in his life, Augustine is recognized for doing many things for the Chur ch as a priest, author, and defender of faith. As an author he wrote Confessions, his spiritual autobiography, and City of God, his great work describing the Christian philosophy throughout history. In this magnificent work,Show MoreRelatedSaint Augustine Of Hippo And Saint Thomas Aquinas1590 Words à |à 7 Pageshave transformed, faded, and attempted to bring concrete answers to questions regarding human life. Saint Augustine of Hippo and Saint Thomas Aquinas are considered to be the greatest of their times, and are influential in understanding current Christian Church teachings along with philosophical teachings in general. The keystone work of Saint Augustine must be his very personal Confessions while Saint Thomas Aquinasââ¬â¢s keystone work must be his renowned Summa Theologiae. These two works are regardedRead MoreBiography Of Saint Augustine Of Hippo1163 Words à |à 5 PagesSaint Augustine of Hippo lived his life always striving to excel in whatever he did. His accompli shments are woven into todayââ¬â¢s society as his influence was one of the most powerful. A man of such importance that his thoughts influenced the way people of his time and people today think and perceive the world. He is known as being one of the most important people involved in the development of Western Christianity. Born as Aurelius Augustinus on November 13th, 354 in what is present day Tagaste, heRead MoreSaint Augustine Of Hippo Once Stated1247 Words à |à 5 PagesSaint Augustine of Hippo once stated, ââ¬Å"The world is a book and those who do not travel read only one page.â⬠It was after stumbling across this statement that I was influenced to call up my friend and suggest a road trip. When we started off, it was a beautiful day. The bright morning sun peeked over the Appalachian mountains to bid us farewell as we packed our belongings into the 2011 Chevy Cruze. Dew still perched on the delicate leaves of various summer flowers while we rode down the road towardsRead MoreThe Hero and the Saint: Paul and Augustine656 Words à |à 3 PagesThe Hero and the Saint: Paul and Augustine The idea of the hero in Greco-Roman culture was integrated into the idea of the saint (in the process of conversion and totalization) by way of Christianitys adoption of and ancestry in the Greco-Roman culture. As Professor Ambrosio indicates, The need and the search for meaning is shared by all human beings (Hero or Saint Saul of Tarsus). Thus, it is no surprise to find that a pagan Greco-Roman title is applicable to a Christian whose virtue is viewedRead MoreSt. Augustine s Life1283 Words à |à 6 PagesMany saints were first some of the most frequent sinners. How could a leopard rub off all of his spots? Can people truly change their ways? Stories of conversion may seem unlikely, but for some they are pure fact. One of the most renowned stories of conversion is the one of Saint Augustine. Saint Augustine of Hippo by his own omission started his life in a circle of lust, pride, and vanity. He says in his book Confessions, ââ¬Å"here proud, there superstitious, everywhere va in.â⬠Saint Augustineââ¬â¢sRead MoreAnalysis Of Aurelius Augustine : A Treatise On The Gift Of Perseverance786 Words à |à 4 PagesIn an attempt to refute the views of a theologian named Pelagius, Aurelius Augustine published a work entitled ââ¬Å"A Treatise on the Gift of Perseveranceâ⬠, and in this work he explains a view on the gift of perseverance that is not fully in line with what scripture teaches. First I will describe Augustines ideals and stance on Perseverance of the Saints. I will continue by describing that his stance on this topic matter is not entirely coherent with scripture, and then show the overall result his doctrineRead MoreEssay on Saint Augustine970 Words à |à 4 Pages Saint Augustine was born on 354 CE in Tagaste, Africa. His given name was Aurelius Augustinus. His father was Patricius, a pagan who was baptized Christian before he died, and his mother was Monica, a baptized Christian with an influential role in the life of her son. Augustine is regarded as one of the most intelligent Christian theologians and bishops of all time. His works and actions have left a major imprint on the Church and its doctrine. As a boy, Augustine was not baptized andRead MoreSt. Augustine of Hippo, Bishop and Theologian Essay1693 Words à |à 7 Pages St. Augustine, Bishop of Hippo, was one of the greatest theologians of his time. He is still regarded in the highest manner. He was raised in a divided home, but through time he found the truth. He was always a superb student. He fully mastered Latin; however, he never grasped Greek. He was also very crafty in speech - a black-belt of rhetoric if you will. After his teenage flings and rebellions, he found a heretical sect in which he became involved for a while. He traveled and landedRead MoreSaint Augustine Essays719 Words à |à 3 PagesSaint Augustine Saint Augustine, b. Nov. 13, 354, d. Aug. 28, 430, was one of the foremost philosopher-theologians of early Christianity and, while serving (396-430) as bishop of Hippo Regius, the leading figure in the church of North Africa. He had a profound influence on the subsequent development of Western thought and culture and, more than any other person, shaped the themes and defined the problems that have characterized the Western tradition of Christian Theology. Among his many writingsRead MoreEssay about St. Augustine916 Words à |à 4 Pages Saint Augustine of Hippo Theologians, Biblical scholars and Christians all over the world often wrestle with two extremely important questions about their faith. These questions are, quot;What is God like?quot; and quot;How should we live in response to God?quot; Some feel that we need others to direct us, some feel we need them to challenge us, but everyone agrees that we need others. That is exactly how Saint Augustine struggles to find his faith and beliefs. He found it extremely difficult joshuawright1476http://www.blogger.com/profile/06931874209968947098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-249196977550754610.post-45939551170564387322020-05-06T07:47:00.001-07:002020-05-06T07:47:09.906-07:00Street Light Free Essays string(56) " and referencing the position of a building to the Sun\." INDEX |S. NO |TITLE |PAGE NO | |1 |Introduction |1 | |2 |Solar Energy |4 | |3 |Photovoltaics |24 | |4 |Solar Cell |28 | |5 |Solar Roadway |51 | |6 |Component description |55 | |7 |Working of Project |82 | |8 |Conclusion |86 | |9 |Images |91 | |10 |Bibliography |93 | INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION: Solar energy, radiant light and heat from the sun, has been harnessed by humans since ancient times using a range of ever-evolving technologies. Solar energy technologies include solar heating, solar photovoltaics, solar thermal electricity and solar architecture, which can make considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent energy problems the world now faces. We will write a custom essay sample on Street Light or any similar topic only for you Order Now Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaic (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. Photovoltaics convert light into electric current using the photoelectric effect. A Street light, lamppost, street lamp, light standard, or lamp standard is a raised source of light on the edge of a road or walkway, which is turned on or lit at a certain time every night. Modern lamps may also have light-sensitive photocells to turn them on at dusk, off at dawn, or activate automatically in dark weather. In older lighting this function would have been performed with the aid of a solar dial. It is not uncommon for street lights to be on posts which have wires strung between them; such as on telephone poles or utility poles. New street lighting technologies, such as LED or induction lights, emit a white light that provides high levels of scotopic lumens allowing street lights with lower wattages and lower photopic lumens to replace existing street lights. Photovoltaic-powered LED luminaires are gaining wider acceptance. Preliminary field tests show that some LED luminaires are energy-efficient and perform well in testing environments. This project is a LED based Solar Lights is an automatic street lightening system using a LDR and 6V/5W solar panel. During day time, the internal rechargeable battery receives charging current from the connected solar panel. Here IC 555 is wired as a medium current inverting line driver, switched by an encapsulated light detector (LDR). When ambient light dims, the circuits drive the white LEDs. When the ambient light level restores, circuit returns to its idle state and light(s) switched off by the circuit. Block Diagram: SOLAR ENERGY SOLAR ENERGY Solar energy, radiant light and heat from the sun, has been harnessed by humans since ancient times using a range of ever-evolving technologies. Solar energy technologies include solar heating, solar photovoltaics, solar thermal electricity, solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis, which can make considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent energy problems the world now faces. Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute solar energy. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic panels and solar thermal collectors to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air. In 2011, the International Energy Agency said that ââ¬Å"the development of affordable, inexhaustible and clean solar energy technologies will have huge longer-term benefits. It will increase countriesââ¬â¢ energy security through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource, enhance sustainability, reduce pollution, lower the costs of mitigating climate change, and keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise. These advantages are global. Hence the additional costs of the incentives for early deployment should be considered learning investments; they must be wisely spent and need to be widely sharedâ⬠. The Earth receives 174 petawatts (PW) of incoming solar radiation (insolation) at the upper atmosphere. Approximately 30% is reflected back to space while the rest is absorbed by clouds, oceans and land masses. The spectrum of solar light at the Earthââ¬â¢s surface is mostly spread across the visible and near-infrared ranges with a small part in the near-ultraviolet. Earthââ¬â¢s land surface, oceans and atmosphere absorb solar radiation, and this raises their temperature. Warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises, causing atmospheric circulation or convection. When the air reaches a high altitude, where the temperature is low, water vapor condenses into clouds, which rain onto the Earthââ¬â¢s surface, completing the water cycle. The latent heat of water condensation amplifies convection, producing atmospheric phenomena such as wind, cyclones and anti-cyclones. Sunlight absorbed by the oceans and land masses keeps the surface at an average temperature of 14 à °C. By photosynthesis green plants convert solar energy into chemical energy, which produces food, wood and the biomass from which fossil fuels are derived. The total solar energy absorbed by Earthââ¬â¢s atmosphere, oceans and land masses is approximately 3,850,000 exajoules (EJ) per year. In 2002, this was more energy in one hour than the world used in one year. Photosynthesis captures approximately 3,000 EJ per year in biomass. The technical potential available from biomass is from 100ââ¬â300 EJ/year. The amount of solar energy reaching the surface of the planet is so vast that in one year it is about twice as much as will ever be obtained from all of the Earthââ¬â¢s non-renewable resources of coal, oil, natural gas, and mined uranium combined. Solar energy can be harnessed at different levels around the world, mostly depending on distance from the equator. [pic] Average insolation showing land area (small black dots) required to replace the world primary energy supply with solar electricity. 18 TW is 568 Exajoule (EJ) per year. Insolation for most people is from 150 to 300 W/m2 or 3. 5 to 7. 0 kWh/m2/day. Solar energy refers primarily to the use of solar radiation for practical ends. However, all renewable energies, other than geothermal and tidal, derive their energy from the sun. Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive or active depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute sunlight. Active solar techniques use photovoltaic panels, pumps, and fans to convert sunlight into useful outputs. Passive solar techniques include selecting materials with favorable thermal properties, designing spaces that naturally circulate air, and referencing the position of a building to the Sun. You read "Street Light" in category "Essay examples" Active solar technologies increase the supply of energy and are considered supply side technologies, while passive solar technologies reduce the need for alternate resources and are generally considered demand side technologies. APPLICATIONS OF SOLAR TECHNOLOGY Averageà insolationà showing land area (small black dots) required to replace the world primary energy supply with solar electricity. 18 TW is 568 Exajoule (EJ) per year. Insolation for most people is from 150 to 300 W/m2à or 3. 5 to 7. 0 kWh/m2/day. Solar energy refers primarily to the use ofà solar radiationà for practical ends. However, all renewable energies, other thanà geothermalà andà tidal, derive their energy from the sun. Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive or active depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute sunlight. Active solar techniques use photovoltaic panels, pumps, and fans to convert sunlight into useful outputs. Passive solar techniques include selecting materials with favorable thermal properties, designing spaces that naturally circulate air, and referencing the position of a building to the Sun. Active solar technologies increase the supply of energy and are consideredà supply side technologies, while passive solar technologies reduce the need for alternate resources and are generally considered demand side technologies ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN PLANNING [pic] Darmstadt University of Technologyà in Germanyà won the 2007à Solar Decathlonà in Washington, D. C. with thisà passive house designed specifically for the humid and hot subtropical climate. Sunlight has influenced building design since the beginning of architectural history. Advanced solar architecture and urban planning methods were first employed by theà Greeksà andà Chinese, who oriented their buildings toward the south to provide light and warmth. The common features ofà passive solarà architecture are orientation relative to the Sun, compact proportion (a low surface area to volume ratio), selective shading (overhangs) andà thermal mass. When these features are tailored to the local climate and environment they can produce well-lit spaces that stay in a comfortable temperature range. Socratesââ¬â¢Ã Megaron House is a classic example of passive solar design. The most recent approaches to solar design use computer modeling tying togetherà solar lighting,à heatingà andà ventilationà systems in an integratedà solar designà package. Active solar equipment such as pumps, fans and switchable windows can complement passive design and improve system performance. Urban heat islands (UHI) are metropolitan areas with higher temperatures than that of the surrounding environment. The higher temperatures are a result of increased absorption of the Solar light by urban materials such as asphalt and concrete, which have lowerà albedosà and higherà heat capacitiesà than those in the natural environment. A straightforward method of counteracting the UHI effect is to paint buildings and roads white and plant trees. Using these methods, a hypothetical ââ¬Å"cool communitiesâ⬠program inà Los Angelesà has projected that urban temperatures could be reduced by approximately 3à à °C at an estimated cost of US$1à billion, giving estimated total annual benefits of US$530à million from reduced air-conditioning costs and healthcare savings. [23] AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE [pic] Greenhousesà like these in the Westland municipality of theà Netherlandsà grow vegetables, fruits and flowers. Agricultureà andà horticultureà seek to optimize the capture of solar energy in order to optimize the productivity of plants. Techniques such as timed planting cycles, tailored row orientation, staggered heights between rows and the mixing of plant varieties can improve crop yields. [24][25]à While sunlight is generally considered a plentiful resource, the exceptions highlight the importance of solar energy to agriculture. During the short growing seasons of theà Little Ice Age, French andà Englishà farmers employed fruit walls to maximize the collection of solar energy. These walls acted as thermal masses and accelerated ripening by keeping plants warm. Early fruit walls were built perpendicular to the ground and facing south, but over time, sloping walls were developed to make better use of sunlight. In 1699,à Nicolas Fatio de Duillierà even suggested using aà tracking mechanismà which could pivot to follow the Sun. [26]à Applications of solar energy in agriculture aside from growing crops include pumping water, drying crops, brooding chicks and drying chicken manure. [27][28]à More recently the technology has been embraced by vinters, who use the energy generated by solar panels to power grape presses. [29] Greenhousesà convert solar light to heat, enabling year-round production and the growth (in enclosed environments) of specialty crops and other plants not naturally suited to the local climate. Primitive greenhouses were first used during Roman times to produceà cucumbersà year-round for the Roman emperorà Tiberius. [30]à The first modern greenhouses were built in Europe in the 16th century to keep exotic plants brought back from explorations abroad. [31]à Greenhouses remain an important part of horticulture today, and plastic transparent materials have also been used to similar effect inà polytunnelsà andà row covers. TRANSPORT AND RECONNAISSANCE [pic] Australia hosts theà World Solar Challengewhere solar cars like the Nuna3 race through a 3,021à km (1,877à mi) course from Darwin to Adelaide. Development of a solar powered car has been an engineering goal since the 1980s. Theà World Solar Challengeà is a biannual solar-powered car race, where teams from universities and enterprises compete over 3,021 kilometres (1,877à mi) across central Australia fromà Darwinà toà Adelaide. In 1987, when it was founded, the winnerââ¬â¢s average speed was 67 kilometres per hour (42à mph) and by 2007 the winnerââ¬â¢s average speed had improved to 90. 87 kilometres per hour (56. 46à mph). [32]à Theà North American Solar Challengeà and the plannedà South African Solar Challengeà are comparable competitions that reflect an international interest in the engineering and development of solar powered vehicles. [33][34] Some vehicles use solar panels for auxiliary power, such as for air conditioning, to keep the interior cool, thus reducing fuel consumption. [35][36] In 1975, the first practical solar boat was constructed in England. [37]à By 1995, passenger boats incorporating PV panels began appearing and are now used extensively. [38]à In 1996,à Kenichi Horieà made the first solar powered crossing of the Pacific Ocean, and theà sun21à catamaran made the first solar powered crossing of the Atlantic Ocean in the winter of 2006ââ¬â2007. [39]à There are plans to circumnavigate the globe in 2010. [40] [pic] Helios UAVà in solar powered flight. In 1974, the unmannedà AstroFlight Sunriseà plane made the first solar flight. On 29 April 1979, theà Solar Riserà made the first flight in a solar powered, fully controlled, man carrying flying machine, reaching an altitude of 40 feet (12à m). In 1980, theà Gossamer Penguinà made the first piloted flights powered solely by photovoltaics. This was quickly followed by theà Solar Challengerà which crossed the English Channel in July 1981. In 1990à Eric Scott Raymondà in 21 hops flew from California to North Carolina using solar power. [41]à Developments then turned back to unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) with theà Pathfinderà (1997) and subsequent designs, culminating in theà Heliosà which set the altitude record for a non-rocket-propelled aircraft at 29,524 metres (96,864à ft) in 2001. 42]à Theà Zephyr, developed byà BAE Systems, is the latest in a line of record-breaking solar aircraft, making a 54-hour flight in 2007, and month-long flights are envisioned by 2010. [43] Aà solar balloonà is a black balloon that is filled w ith ordinary air. As sunlight shines on the balloon, the air inside is heated and expands causing an upwardà buoyancyà force, much like an artificially heatedà hot air balloon. Some solar balloons are large enough for human flight, but usage is generally limited to the toy market as the surface-area to payload-weight ratio is relatively high. [44] DAYLIGHTING [pic] Daylighting features such as thisà oculusat the top of theà Pantheon, inà Rome, Italy have been in use since antiquity. The history of lighting is dominated by the use of natural light. The Romans recognized aà right to lightà as early as theà 6th centuryà and English law echoed these judgments with the Prescription Act of 1832. [45][46]à In the 20th century artificialà lightingà became the main source of interior illumination but daylighting techniques and hybrid solar lighting solutions are ways to reduce energy consumption. Daylightingà systems collect and distribute sunlight to provide interior illumination. This passive technology directly offsets energy use by replacing artificial lighting, and indirectly offsets non-solar energy use by reducing the need forà air-conditioning. 47]à Although difficult to quantify, the use ofà natural lightingà also offers physiological and psychological benefits compared toà artificial lighting. [47]à Daylighting design implies careful selection of window types, sizes and orientation; exterior shading devices may be considered as well. Deciduous trees at the east and west ends of buildings offer shade in the summer and do not block the sun in the winter. [48]à Individual features include sawtooth roofs,à clerestory windows, light shelves,à skylightsà andà light tubes. They may be incorporated into existing structures, but are most effective when integrated into aà solar designà package that accounts for factors such asà glare, heat flux andà time-of-use. When daylighting features are properly implemented they can reduce lighting-related energy requirements by 25%. [49] Hybrid solar lightingà (HSL) is anà active solarà method of providing interior illumination. HSL systems collect sunlight using focusing mirrors thatà track the Sunà and useà optical fibersà to transmit it inside the building to supplement conventional lighting. In single-story applications these systems are able to transmit 50% of the direct sunlight received. [50] Solar lights that charge during the day and light up at dusk are a common sight along walkways. [51]à Solar-charged lanterns have become popular in developing countries where they provide a safer and cheaper alternative to kerosene lamps. [52] Althoughà daylight saving timeà is promoted as a way to use sunlight to save energy, recent research reports contradictory results: several studies report savings, but just as many suggest no effect or even a net loss, particularly whenà gasolineà consumption is taken into account. Electricity use is greatly affected by geography, climate and economics, making it hard to generalize from single studies. [53] SOLAR THERMAL Solar thermal technologies can be used for water heating, space heating, space cooling and process heat generation. [54] WATER HEATING [pic] Solar water heaters facing theà Sunà to maximize gain. Solar hot water systems use sunlight to heat water. In low geographical latitudes (below 40à degrees) from 60 to 70% of the domestic hot water use with temperatures up to 60à à °C can be provided by solar heating systems. [55]à The most common types of solar water heaters are evacuated tube collectors (44%) and glazed flat plate collectors (34%) generally used for domestic hot water; and unglazed plastic collectors (21%) used mainly to heat swimming pools. [56] As of 2007, the total installed capacity of solar hot water systems is approximately 154à GW. [57]à China is the world leader in their deployment with 70à GW installed as of 2006 and a long term goal of 210à GW by 2020. [58]à Israelà andà Cyprusà are the per capita leaders in the use of solar hot water systems with over 90% of homes using them. 59]à In the United States, Canada and Australia heating swimming pools is the dominant application of solar hot water with an installed capacity of 18à GW as of 2005. [18] HEATING, COOLING AND VENTILATION [pic] Solar House #1 ofà Massachusetts Institute of Technologyà in the United States, built in 1939, usedà Seasonal thermal energy storage (STES)à for year-round heating. In the United States,à heating, ventilation and air conditioningà (HVAC) systems account for 30% (4. 65à EJ) of the energy used in commercial buildings and nearly 50% (10. 1à EJ) of the energy used in residential buildings. [49][60]à Solar heating, cooling and ventilation technologies can be used to offset a portion of this energy. Thermal mass is any material that can be used to store heatââ¬âheat from the Sun in the case of solar energy. Common thermal mass materials include stone, cement and water. Historically they have been used in arid climates or warm temperate regions to keep buildings cool by absorbing solar energy during the day and radiating stored heat to the cooler atmosphere at night. However they can be used in cold temperate areas to maintain warmth as well. The size and placement of thermal mass depend on several factors such as climate, daylighting and shading conditions. When properly incorporated, thermal mass maintains space temperatures in a comfortable range and reduces the need for auxiliary heating and cooling equipment. [61] A solar chimney (or thermal chimney, in this context) is a passive solar ventilation system composed of a vertical shaft connecting the interior and exterior of a building. As the chimney warms, the air inside is heated causing anà updraftà that pulls air through the building. Performance can be improved by using glazing and thermal mass materials[62]à in a way that mimics greenhouses. Deciduousà trees and plants have been promoted as a means of controlling solar heating and cooling. When planted on the southern side of a building, their leaves provide shade during the summer, while the bare limbs allow light to pass during the winter. [63]à Since bare, leafless trees shade 1/3 to 1/2 of incident solar radiation, there is a balance between the benefits of summer shading and the corresponding loss of winter heating. 64]à In climates with significant heating loads, deciduous trees should not be planted on the southern side of a building because they will interfere with wint er solar availability. They can, however, be used on the east and west sides to provide a degree of summer shading without appreciably affecting winter solar gain. [65] WATER TREATMENT [pic] Solar water disinfectionà inà Indonesia [pic] Small scale solar powered sewerage treatment plant. Solar distillation can be used to makeà salineà orà brackish waterà potable. The first recorded instance of this was by 16th century Arab alchemists. [66]à A large-scale solar distillation project was first constructed in 1872 in theà Chileanà mining town of Las Salinas. 67]à The plant, which had solar collection area of 4,700à m2, could produce up to 22,700à Là per day and operated for 40à years. [67]à Individualà stillà designs include single-slope, double-slope (or greenhouse type), vertical, conical, inverted absorber, multi-wick, and multiple effect. [66]à These stills can operate in passive, active, or hybrid modes. Double-slope stills are the most economica l for decentralized domestic purposes, while active multiple effect units are more suitable for large-scale applications. [66] Solar waterà disinfectionà (SODIS) involves exposing water-filled plasticà polyethylene terephthalateà (PET) bottles to sunlight for several hours. 68]à Exposure times vary depending on weather and climate from a minimum of six hours to two days during fully overcast conditions. [69]à It is recommended by theWorld Health Organizationà as a viable method for household water treatment and safe storage. [70]à Over two million people in developing countries use this method for their daily drinking water. [69] Solar energy may be used in a water stabilisation pond to treatà waste waterà without chemicals or electricity. A further environmental advantage is thatalgaeà grow in such ponds and consumeà carbon dioxideà in photosynthesis, although algae may produce toxic chemicals that make the water unusable. [71][72] COOKING [pic] The Solar Bowl inà Auroville,à India, concentrates sunlight on a movable receiver to produceà steamà forà cooking. Solar cookers use sunlight for cooking, drying andà pasteurization. They can be grouped into three broad categories: box cookers, panel cookers and reflector cookers. [73]à The simplest solar cooker is the box cooker first built byà Horace de Saussureà in 1767. [74]à A basic box cooker consists of an insulated container with a transparent lid. It can be used effectively with partially overcast skies and will typically reach temperatures of 90ââ¬â150à à °C. [75]Panel cookers use a reflective panel to direct sunlight onto an insulated container and reach temperatures comparable to box cookers. Reflector cookers use various concentrating geometries (dish, trough, Fresnel mirrors) to focus light on a cooking container. These cookers reach temperatures of 315à à °C and above but require direct light to function properly and must be repositioned to track the Sun. [76] Theà solar bowlà is a concentrating technology employed by the Solar Kitchen atà Auroville, inà Tamil Nadu,à India, where a stationary spherical reflector focuses light along a line perpendicular to the sphereââ¬â¢s interior surface, and a computer control system moves the receiver to intersect this line. Steam is produced in the receiver at temperatures reaching 150à à °C and then used for process heat in the kitchen. [77] A reflector developed byà Wolfgang Schefflerà in 1986 is used in many solar kitchens. Scheffler reflectors are flexible parabolic dishes that combine aspects of trough and power tower concentrators. Polar trackingà is used to follow the Sunââ¬â¢s daily course and the curvature of the reflector is adjusted for seasonal variations in the incident angle of sunlight. These reflectors can reach temperatures of 450ââ¬â650à à °C and have a fixed focal point, which simplifies cooking. [78]à The worldââ¬â¢s largest Scheffler reflector system in Abu Road,à Rajasthan, India is capable of cooking up to 35,000 meals a day. [79]As of 2008, over 2,000 large Scheffler cookers had been built worldwide. [80] PROCESS HEAT Solar concentrating technologies such as parabolic dish, trough and Scheffler reflectors can provide process heat for commercial and industrial applications. The first commercial system was theà Solar Total Energy Projectà (STEP) in Shenandoah, Georgia, USA where a field of 114 parabolic dishes provided 50% of the process heating, air conditioning and electrical requirements for a clothing factory. This grid-connected cogeneration system provided 400à kW of electricity plus thermal energy in the form of 401à kW steam and 468à kW chilled water, and had a one hour peak load thermal storage. [81] Evaporation ponds are shallow pools that concentrate dissolved solids throughà evaporation. The use of evaporation ponds to obtain salt from sea water is one of the oldest applications of solar energy. Modern uses include concentrating brine solutions used in leach mining and removing dissolved solids from waste streams. [82] Clothes lines,à clotheshorses, and clothes racks dry clothes through evaporation by wind and sunlight without consuming electricity or gas. In some states of the United States legislation protects the ââ¬Å"right to dryâ⬠clothes. [83] Unglazed transpired collectors (UTC) are perforated sun-facing walls used for preheating ventilation air. UTCs can raise the incoming air temperature up to 22à à °C and deliver outlet temperatures of 45ââ¬â60à à °C. [84]à The short payback period of transpired collectors (3 to 12à years) makes them a more cost-effective alternative than glazed collection systems. 84]à As of 2003, over 80 systems with a combined collector area of 35,000à m2à had been installed worldwide, including an 860à m2à collector inà Costa Ricaà used for drying coffee beans and a 1,300à m2à collector inà Coimbatore, India used for drying marigolds. [28] ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION [pic] Theà PS10à concentrates sunlight from a field of heliostats on a central tower. Solar power is the conversion of sunlight intoà electricity, either directly usingà photovoltaicsà (PV), or indirectly usingà concentrated solar powerà (CSP). CSP systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. PV converts light into electric current using theà photoelectric effect. Commercial CSP plants were first developed in the 1980s. Since 1985 the eventually 354 MWà SEGSà CSP installation, in the Mojave Desert of California, is the largest solar power plant in the world. Other large CSP plants include the 150 MWà Solnova Solar Power Stationà and the 100 MWAndasol solar power station, both in Spain. The 250 MWà Agua Caliente Solar Project, in the United States, and the 214 MWà Charanka Solar Parkà inIndia, are theà worldââ¬â¢s largestà photovoltaic plants. Solar projects exceeding 1 GW are being developed, but most of the deployed photovoltaics are in small rooftop arrays of less than 5 kW, which are grid connected using net metering and/or a feed-in tariff. [85] Concentrated solar power Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. The concentrated heat is then used as a heat source for a conventional power plant. A wide range of concentrating technologies exists; the most developed are the parabolic trough, the concentrating linear fresnel reflector, the Stirling dish and the solar power tower. Various techniques are used to track the Sun and focus light. In all of these systems aà working fluidà is heated by the concentrated sunlight, and is then used for power generation or energy storage. [86] PHOTOVOLTAICS PHOTOVOLTAICS A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell (PV), is a device that converts light into electric current using the photoelectric effect. The first solar cell was constructed by Charles Fritts in the 1880s. In 1931 a German engineer, Dr Bruno Lange, developed a photo cell using silver selenite in place of copper oxide. Although the prototype selenium cells converted less than 1% of incident light into electricity, both Ernst Werner von Siemens and James Clerk Maxwell recognized the importance of this discovery. Following the work of Russell Ohl in the 1940s, researchers Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin created the silicon solar cell in 1954. These early solar cells cost 286 USD/watt and reached efficiencies of 4. 5ââ¬â6%. By 2012 available efficiencies exceed 20% and the maximum efficiency of research photovoltaics is over 40%. OTHERS Besides concentrated solar power and photovoltaics, there are some other techniques used to generated electricity using solar power. These include: â⬠¢Dye-sensitized_solar_cells, Luminescent solar concentrators (a type of concentrated photovoltaics or CPV technology), â⬠¢Biohybrid solar cells, â⬠¢Photon Enhanced Thermionic Emission systems. Development, deployment and economics Beginning with the surge in coal use which accompanied the In dustrial Revolution, energy consumption has steadily transitioned from wood and biomass to fossil fuels. The early development of solar technologies starting in the 1860s was driven by an expectation that coal would soon become scarce. However development of solar technologies stagnated in the early 20th century in the face of the increasing availability, economy, and utility of coal and petroleum. [109] The 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis caused a reorganization of energy policies around the world and brought renewed attention to developing solar technologies. Deployment strategies focused on incentive programs such as the Federal Photovoltaic Utilization Program in the US and the Sunshine Program in Japan. Other efforts included the formation of research facilities in the US (SERI, now NREL), Japan (NEDO), and Germany (Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE). Commercial solar water heaters began appearing in the United States in the 1890s. These systems saw increasing use until the 1920s but were gradually replaced by cheaper and more reliable heating fuels. As with photovoltaics, solar water heating attracted renewed attention as a result of the oil crises in the 1970s but interest subsided in the 1980s due to falling petroleum prices. Development in the solar water heating sector progressed steadily throughout the 1990s and growth rates have averaged 20% per year since 1999. [57] Although generally underestimated, solar water heating and cooling is by far the most widely deployed solar technology with an estimated capacity of 154 GW as of 2007. The International Energy Agency has said that solar energy can make considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent problems the world now faces: The development of affordable, inexhaustible and clean solar energy technologies will have huge longer-term benefits. It will increase countriesââ¬â¢ energy security through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource, enhance sustainability, reduce pollution, lower the costs of mitigating climate change, and keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise. These advantages are global. Hence the additional costs of the incentives for early deployment should be considered learning investments; they must be wisely spent and need to be widely shared. In 2011, the International Energy Agency said that solar energy technologies such as photovoltaic panels, solar water heaters and power stations built with mirrors could provide a third of the worldââ¬â¢s energy by 2060 if politicians commit to limiting climate change. The energy from the sun could play a key role in de-carbonizing the global economy alongside improvements in energy efficiency and imposing costs on greenhouse gas emitters. The strength of solar is the incredible variety and flexibility of applications , from small scale to big scaleâ⬠. We have proved â⬠¦ that after our stores of oil and coal are exhausted the human race can receive unlimited power from the rays of the sun. ââ¬âFrank Shuman, New York Times, July 2, 1916 SOLAR CELL SOLAR CELL A solar cell made from amonocrystalline silicon wafer Solar cells can be used devices such as this portable monocrystalline solar charger. A solar cell (also called a photovoltaic cell) is an electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect. It is a form of photoelectric cell (in that its electrical characteristicsââ¬âe. g. urrent, voltage, or resistanceââ¬âvary when light is incident upon it) which, when exposed to light, can generate and support an electric current without being attached to any external voltage source. The term ââ¬Å"photovoltaicâ⬠comes from the Greek (phos) meaning ââ¬Å"lightâ⬠, and from ââ¬Å"Voltâ⬠, the unit of electro-motive force, the volt, which in turn comes from the last name of the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta, inventor of the battery (electrochemical cell). The term ââ¬Å"photo-voltaicâ⬠has been in use in English since 1849. Photovoltaics is the field of technology and research related to the practical application of photovoltaic cells in producing electricity from light, though it is often used specifically to refer to the generation of electricity from sunlight. Cells can be described as photovoltaic even when the light source is not necessarily sunlight (lamplight, artificial light, etc. ). In such cases the cell is sometimes used as a photodetector (for example infrared detectors), detecting light or other electromagnetic radiationnear the visible range, or measuring light intensity. The operation of a photovoltaic (PV) cell requires 3 basic attributes: 1. The absorption of light, generating either electron-hole pairs or excitons. 2. The separation of charge carriers of opposite types. 3. The separate extraction of those carriers to an external circuit. In contrast, a solar thermal collector collects heat by absorbing sunlight, for the purpose of either direct heating or indirect electrical power generation. Photoelectrolytic cellâ⬠(photoelectrochemical cell), on the other hand, refers either a type of photovoltaic cell (like that developed by A. E. Becquerel and modern dye-sensitized solar cells) or a device that splits water direct ly into hydrogen and oxygen using only solar illumination. FURTHER IMPROVEMENTS In the time since Bermanââ¬â¢s work, improvements have brought production costs down under $1 a watt, with wholesale costs well under $2. ââ¬Å"Balance of systemâ⬠costs are now more than the panels themselves. Large commercial arrays can be built at below $3. 40 a watt,[12][13]à fully commissioned. As the semiconductor industry moved to ever-larger boules, older equipment became available at fire-sale prices. Cells have grown in size as older equipment became available on the surplus market; ARCO Solarââ¬â¢s original panels used cells with 2 to 4à inch (51 to 100à mm) diameter. Panels in the 1990s and early 2000s generally used 5à inch (125à mm) wafers, and since 2008 almost all new panels use 6à inch (150à mm) cells. This material has less efficiency, but is less expensive to produce in bulk. The widespread introduction ofà flat screen televisionsà in the late 1990s and early 2000s led to the wide availability of large sheets of high-quality glass, used on the front of the panels. In terms of the cells themselves, there has been only one major change. During the 1990s, polysilicon cells became increasingly popular. These cells offer less efficiency than their monosilicon counterparts, but they are grown in large vats that greatly reduce the cost of production. By the mid-2000s, poly was dominant in the low-cost panel market, but more recently a variety of factors has pushed the higher performance mono back into widespread use. CURRENT EVENTS Other technologies have tried to enter the market. First Solarà was briefly the largest panel manufacturer in 2009, in terms of yearly power produced, using a thin-film cell sandwiched between two layers of glass. Since then silicon panels reasserted their dominant position both in terms of lower prices and the rapid rise of Chinese manufacturing, resulting in the top producers being Chinese. By late 2011, efficient production in China, coupled with a drop in European demand due to budgetary turmoil had dropped prices for crystalline solar-based modules further, to about $1. 09[13]à per watt in October 2011, down sharply from the price per watt in 2010. A more modern process, mono-like-multi, aims to offer the performance of mono at the cost of poly, and is in the process of being introduced in 2012[citation needed]. APPLICATIONS [pic] Polycrystallineà photovoltaic cells laminated to backing material in a module [pic] [pic] Polycrystalline photovoltaic cells Solar cells are often electrically connected and encapsulated as aà module. Photovoltaic modules often have a sheet of glass on the front (sun up) side, allowing light to pass while protecting the emiconductorà wafersà from abrasion and impact due to wind-driven debris,à rain,à hail, etc. Solar cells are also usually connected inà seriesà in modules, creating an additiveà voltage. Connecting cells in parallel will yield a higher current; however, very significant problems exist with parallel connections. For example, shadow effects can shut down the weaker (less illuminated) parallel string (a number of series connected cells) causing substantial power loss and even damaging the weaker string because of the excessiveà reverse biasà applied to the shadowed cells by their illuminated partners. Strings of series cells are usually handled independently and not connected in parallel, special paralleling circuits are the exceptions. Although modules can be interconnected to create anà arrayà with the desired peak DC voltage and loading current capacity, using independent MPPTs (maximum power point trackers) provides a better solution. In the absence of paralleling circuits, shunt diodes can be used to reduce the power loss due to shadowing in arrays with series/parallel connected cells. To make practical use of the solar-generated energy, the electricity is most often fed into the electricity grid using inverters (grid-connectedà photovoltaic systems); in stand-alone systems, batteries are used to store the energy that is not needed immediately. Solar panels can be used to power or recharge portable devices. THEORY The solar cell works in three steps: 1. Photonsà inà sunlightà hit the solar panel and are absorbed by semiconducting materials, such as silicon. 2. Electronsà (negatively charged) are knocked loose from their atoms, causing an electric potential difference. Current starts flowing through the material to cancel the potential and this electricity is captured. Due to the special composition of solar cells, the electrons are only allowed to move in a single direction. 3. An array of solar cells converts solar energy into a usable amount ofà direct currentà (DC) electricity. EFFICIENCY Solar panels on the International Space Station absorb light from both sides. These Bifacial cells are more efficient and operate at lower temperature than single sided equivalents. The efficiency of a solar cell may be broken down into reflectance efficiency, thermodynamic efficiency, charge carrier separation efficiency and conductive efficiency. The overall efficiency is the product of each of these individual efficiencies. A solar cell usually has a voltage dependent efficiency curve, temperature coefficients, and shadow angles. Due to the difficulty in measuring these parameters directly, other parameters are measured instead: thermodynamic efficiency, quantum efficiency,integrated quantum efficiency, VOC ratio, and fill factor. Reflectance losses are a portion of the quantum efficiency under ââ¬Å"external quantum efficiencyâ⬠. Recombination losses make up a portion of the quantum efficiency, VOC ratio, and fill factor. Resistive losses are predominantly categorized under fill factor, but also make up minor portions of the quantum efficiency, VOC ratio. The fill factor is defined as the ratio of the actual maximum obtainable power to the product of the open circuit voltage and short circuit current. This is a key parameter in evaluating the performance of solar cells. Typical commercial solar cells have a fill factor ; 0. 70. Grade B cells have a fill factor usually between 0. 4 to 0. 7. 14] Cells with a high fill factor have a low equivalent series resistance and a high equivalent shunt resistance, so less of the current produced by the cell is dissipated in internal losses. Single pââ¬ân junction crystalline silicon devices are now approaching the theoretical limiting power efficiency of 33. 7%, noted as the Shockleyââ¬âQueisser limit in 1961. In the extreme, with an infinite number of layers, the corresponding limit is 86% using concentrated sunlight. [pic] Reported timeline of solar cell energy conversion efficiencies (from National Renewable Energy Laboratory (USA)) MATERIALS [pic] [pic] Theà Shockley-Queisser limità for the theoretical maximum efficiency of a solar cell. Semiconductors withà band gapbetween 1 and 1. eV, or near-infrared light, have the greatest potential to form an efficient cell. (The efficiency ââ¬Å"limitâ⬠shown here can be exceeded byà multijunction solar cells. ) Various materials display varying efficiencies and have varying costs. Materials for efficient solar cells must have characteristics matched to the spectrum of available light. Some cells are designed to efficiently convert wavelengths of solar light that reach the Earth surface. However, some solar cells are optimized for light absorption beyond Earthââ¬â¢s atmosphe re as well. Light absorbing materials can often be used inà multiple physical configurationsà to take advantage of different light absorption and charge separation mechanisms. Materials presently used for photovoltaic solar cells includeà monocrystalline silicon,à polycrystalline silicon,à amorphous silicon,à cadmium telluride, andcopper indium selenide/sulfide. [25][26] Many currently available solar cells are made from bulk materials that are cut intoà wafersà between 180 to 240à micrometers thick that are then processed like other semiconductors. Other materials are made asà thin-filmsà layers, organicà dyes, and organicà polymersà that are deposited onà supporting substrates. A third group are made fromà nanocrystalsà and used asà quantum dotsà (electron-confinedà nanoparticles). Silicon remains the only material that is well-researched in bothà bulkandà thin-filmà forms. CRYSTALLINE SILICON [pic] Basic structure of a silicon based solar cell and its working mechanism. By far, the most prevalent bulk material for solar cells is crystalline silicon (abbreviated as a group as c-Si), also known as ââ¬Å"solar grade siliconâ⬠. Bulk silicon is separated into multiple categories according to crystallinity and crystal size in the resulting ingot, ribbon, orwafer. 1. monocrystalline silicon (c-Si): often made using the Czochralski process. Single-crystal wafer cells tend to be expensive, and because they are cut from cylindrical ingots, do not completely cover a square solar cell module without a substantial waste of refined silicon. Hence most c-Si panels have uncovered gaps at the four corners of the cells. 2. olycrystalline silicon, or multicrystalline silicon, (poly-Si or mc-Si): made from cast square ingots ââ¬â large blocks of molten silicon carefully cooled and solidified. Poly-Si cells are less expensive to produce than single crystal silicon cells, but are less effi cient. United States Department of Energy data show that there were a higher number of polycrystalline sales than monocrystalline silicon sales. 3. ribbon silicon is a type of polycrystalline silicon: it is formed by drawing flat thin films from molten silicon and results in a polycrystalline structure. These cells have lower efficiencies than poly-Si, but save on production costs due to a great reduction in silicon waste, as this approach does not require sawing from ingots. 4. ono-like-multi silicon: Developed in the 2000s and introduced commercially around 2009, mono-like-multi, or cast-mono, uses existing polycrystalline casting chambers with small ââ¬Å"seedsâ⬠of mono material. The result is a bulk mono-like material with poly around the outsides. When sawn apart for processing, the inner sections are high-efficiency mono-like cells (but square instead of ââ¬Å"clippedâ⬠), while the outer edges are sold off as conventional poly. The result is line that produces mon o-like cells at poly-like prices. Analysts have predicted that prices of polycrystalline silicon will drop as companies build additional polysilicon capacity quicker than the industryââ¬â¢s projected demand. On the other hand, the cost of producing upgraded metallurgical-grade silicon, also known as UMG Si, can potentially be one-sixth that of makingpolysilicon. Manufacturers of wafer-based cells have responded to high silicon prices in 2004ââ¬â2008 prices with rapid reductions in silicon consumption. According to Jef Poortmans, director of IMECââ¬â¢s organic and solar department, current cells use between eight and nine grams of silicon per watt of power generation, with wafer thicknesses in the neighborhood of 0. 200 mm. At 2008 springââ¬â¢s IEEEPhotovoltaic Specialistsââ¬â¢ Conference (PVSââ¬â¢08), John Wohlgemuth, staff scientist at BP Solar, reported that his company has qualified modules based on 0. 180 mm thick wafers and is testing processes for 0. 16 mm wafers cut with 0. 1 mm wire. IMECââ¬â¢s road map, presented at the organizationââ¬â¢s recent annual research review meeting, envisions use of 0. 08 mm wafers by 2015. Gallium arsenide multijunction: High-efficiency multijunction cells were originally developed for special applications such as satellites and space exploration, but at present, their use in terrestrial concentrators might be the lowest cost alternative in terms of $/kWh and $/W. [35] These multijunction cells consist of multiple thin films produced using metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy. A triple-junction cell, for example, may consist of the semiconductors: GaAs, Ge, and GaInP2. [36] Each type of semiconductor will have a characteristic band gap energy which, loosely speaking, causes it to absorb light most efficiently at a certain color, or more precisely, to absorb electromagnetic radiation over a portion of the spectrum. Combinations of semiconductors are carefully chosen to absorb nearly the entire solar spectrum, thus generating electricity from as much of the solar energy as possible. GaAs based multijunction devices are the most efficient solar cells to date. In October 15, 2012, triple junction metamorphic cell reached a record high of 44%. [37] Tandem solar cells based on monolithic, series connected, gallium indium phosphide (GaInP), gallium arsenide GaAs, and germanium Ge pââ¬ân junctions, are seeing demand rapidly rise. Between December 2006 and December 2007, the cost of 4N gallium metal rose from about $350 per kg to $680 per kg. Additionally, germanium metal prices have risen substantially to $1000ââ¬â1200 per kg this year. Those materials include gallium (4N, 6N and 7N Ga), arsenic (4N, 6N and 7N) and germanium, pyrolitic boron nitride (pBN) crucibles for growing crystals, and boron oxide, these products are critical to the entire substrate manufacturing industry. Triple-junction GaAs solar cells were also being used as the power source of the Dutch four-time World Solar Challenge winners Nuna in 2003, 2005 and 2007, and also by the Dutch solar carsSolutra (2005), Twente One (2007) and 21Revolution (2009). The Dutch Radboud University Nijmegen set the record for thin film solar cell efficiency using a single junction GaAs to 25. 8% in August 2008 using only 4 à µm thick GaAs layer which can be transferred from a wafer base to glass or plastic film. THIN FILMS [pic] Market share of the different PV technologiesà In 2010 the market share of thin film declined by 30% as thin film technology was displaced by more efficient crystalline silicon solar panels (the light and dark blue bars). Thin-film technologies reduce the amount of material required in creating the active material of solar cell. Most thin film solar cells are sandwiched between two panes of glass to make a module. Since silicon solar panels only use one pane of glass, thin film panels are approximately twice as heavy as crystalline silicon panels. The majority of film panels have significantly lower conversion efficiencies, lagging silicon by two to three percentage points. 31]à Thin-film solar technologies have enjoyed large investment due to the success of First Solar and the largely unfulfilled promise of lower cost and flexibility compared to wafer silicon cells, but they have not become mainstream solar products due to their lower efficiency and corresponding larger area con sumption per watt production. Cadmium tellurideà (CdTe),à copper indium gallium selenideà (CIGS) andà amorphous siliconà (A-Si) are three thin-film technologies often used as outdoor photovoltaic solar power production. CdTe technology is most cost competitive among them. [32]à CdTe technology costs about 30% less than CIGS technology and 40% less than A-Si technology in 2011. CADMIUM TELLURIDE SOLAR CELL A cadmium telluride solar cell uses a cadmium telluride (CdTe) thin film, aà semiconductorà layer to absorb and convert sunlight into electricity. Solarbuzzhas reported that the lowest quoted thin-film module price stands at US$0. 84 perà watt-peak, with the lowest crystalline silicon (c-Si) module at $1. 06 per watt-peak. [33] Theà cadmiumà present in the cells would be toxic if released. However, release is impossible during normal operation of the cells and is unlikely during ? res in residential roofs. [34]à A square meter of CdTe contains approximately the same amount of Cd as a single C cellà Nickel-cadmium battery, in a more stable and less soluble form. [34] COPPER INDIUM GALLIUM SELENIDE Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) is aà direct band gapà material. It has the highest efficiency (~20%) among thin film materials (seeà CIGS solar cell). Traditional methods of fabrication involve vacuum processes including co-evaporation and sputtering. Recent developments atà IBMà andà Nanosolarà attempt to lower the cost by using non-vacuum solution processes. GALLIUM ARSENIDE MULTIJUNCTION High-efficiency multijunction cells were originally developed for special applications such asà satellitesà andà space exploration, but at present, their use in terrestrial concentrators might be the lowest cost alternative in terms of $/kWh and $/W. 35]à These multijunction cells consist of multiple thin films produced usingà metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy. A triple-junction cell, for example, may consist of the semiconductors:à GaAs,à Ge, andà GaInP2. [36]à Each type of semiconductor will have a characteristicà band gapà energy which, loosely speaking, causes it to absorb light most efficiently at a certain color, or more precisely, to absorbà electromagnetic radiationà over a portion of the spectrum. Combinations of semiconductors are carefully chosen to absorb nearly all of the solar spectrum, thus generating electricity from as much of the solar energy as possible. GaAs based multijunction devices are the most efficient solar cells to date. In October 15, 2012, triple junction metamorphic cell reached a record high of 44%. [37] Tandem solar cells based on monolithic, series connected, gallium indium phosphide (GaInP), gallium arsenide GaAs, and germanium Ge pââ¬ân junctions, are seeing demand rapidly rise. Between December 2006 and December 2007, the cost of 4N gallium metal rose from about $350 per kg to $680 per kg. Additionally, germanium metal prices have risen substantially to $1000ââ¬â1200 per kg this year. Those materials include gallium (4N, 6N and 7N Ga), arsenic (4N, 6N and 7N) and germanium, pyrolitic boron nitride (pBN) crucibles for growing crystals, and boron oxide, these products are critical to the entire substrate manufacturing industry. Triple-junction GaAs solar cells were also being used as the power source of the Dutch four-timeà World Solar Challengeà winnersà Nunaà in 2003, 2005 and 2007, and also by the Dutch solar carsSolutra (2005),à Twente One (2007)à and 21Revolution (2009). The Dutchà Radboud University Nijmegenà set the record for thin film solar cell efficiency using a single junction GaAs to 25. 8% in August 2008 using only 4à à µm thick GaAs layer which can be transferred from a wafer base to glass or plastic film. Light-absorbing dyes (DSSC) Dye-sensitized solar cellsà (DSSCs) are made of low-cost materials and do not need elaborate equipment to manufacture, so they can be made in aà DIYà fashion, possibly allowing players to produce more of this type of solar cell than others. In bulk it should be significantly less expensive than olderà solid-stateà cell designs. DSSCââ¬â¢s can be engineered into flexible sheets, and although itsà conversion efficiencyà is less than the bestà thin film cells, itsà price/performance ratioà should be high enough to allow them to compete withà fossil fuel electrical generation. Typically aà rutheniumà metalorganicà dyeà (Ru-centered) is used as aà monolayerà of light-absorbing material. The dye-sensitized solar cell depends on aà mesoporousà layer ofà nanoparticulateà titanium dioxideà to greatly amplify the surface area (200ââ¬â300 m2/g TiO2, as compared to approximately 10 m2/g of flat single crystal). The photogenerated electrons from theà light absorbing dyeà are passed on to theà n-typeà TiO2, and the holes are absorbed by anà electrolyteà on the other side of the dye. The circuit is completed by a redox couple in the electrolyte, which can be liquid or solid. This type of cell allows a more flexible use of materials, and is typically manufactured byà screen printingà or use ofà Ultrasonic Nozzles, with the potential for lower processing costs than those used forà bulkà solar cells. However, the dyes in these cells also suffer fromà degradationà under heat andà UVà light, and the cell casing is difficult toà sealà due to the solvents used in assembly. In spite of the above, this is a popular emerging technology with some commercial impact forecast within this decade. The first commercial shipment of DSSC solar modules occurred in July 2009 from G24i Innovations. [38] Quantum Dot Solar Cells (QDSCs) Quantum dot solar cellsà (QDSCs) are based on the Gratzel cell, orà dye-sensitized solar cell, architecture but employ lowà band gapà semiconductorà nanoparticles, fabricated with such small crystallite sizes that they formà quantum dotsà (such asà CdS,à CdSe,à Sb2S3,à PbS, etc. ), instead of organic or organometallic dyes as light absorbers. Quantum dots (QDs) have attracted much interest because of their unique properties. Their size quantization allows for theà band gapà to be tuned by simply changing particle size. They also have highà extinction coefficients, and have shown the possibility ofà multiple exciton generation. [39] In a QDSC, aà mesoporousà layer ofà titanium dioxideà nanoparticles forms the backbone of the cell, much like in a DSSC. This TiO2à layer can then be made photoactive by coating with semiconductor quantum dots usingà chemical bath deposition,à electrophoretic deposition, or successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction. The electrical circuit is then completed through the use of a liquid or solidà redox couple. During the last 3ââ¬â4 years, the efficiency of QDSCs has increased rapidly[40]à with efficiencies over 5% shown for both liquid-junction[41]à and solid state cells. [42]à In an effort to decrease production costs of these devices, theà Prashant Kamatà research group[43]à recently demonstrated a solar paint made with TiO2à and CdSe that can be applied using a one-step method to any conductive surface and have shown efficiencies over 1%. [44] Organic/polymer solar cells Organic solar cellsà are a relatively novel technology, yet hold the promise of a substantial price reduction (over thin-film silicon) and a faster return on investment. These cells can be processed from solution, hence the possibility of a simple roll-to-roll printing process, leading to inexpensive, large scale production. Organic solar cells andà polymer solar cellsà are built from thin films (typically 100à nm) ofà organic semiconductorsà including polymers, such asà polyphenylene vinyleneà and small-molecule compounds like copper phthalocyanine (a blue or green organic pigment) andà carbon fullerenesà and fullerene derivatives such asà PCBM. Energy conversion efficiencies achieved to date using conductive polymers are low compared to inorganic materials. However, it has improved quickly in the last few years and the highestà NRELà (National Renewable Energy Laboratory) certified efficiency has reached 8. 3% for theà Konarkaà Power Plastic. [45]à In addition, these cells could be beneficial for some applications where mechanical flexibility and disposability are important. These devices differ from inorganic semiconductor solar cells in that they do not rely on the large built-in electric field of a PN junction to separate the electrons and holes created when photons are absorbed. The active region of an organic device consists of two materials, one which acts as an electron donor and the other as an acceptor. When a photon is converted into an electron hole pair, typically in the donor material, the charges tend to remain bound in the form of anà exciton, and are separated when the exciton diffuses to the donor-acceptor interface. The short exciton diffusion lengths of most polymer systems tend to limit the efficiency of such devices. Nanostructured interfaces, sometimes in the form of bulk heterojunctions, can improve performance. [46] In 2011, researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Michigan State University developed the first highly efficient transparent solar cells that had a power efficiency close to 2% with a transparency to the human eye greater than 65%, achieved by selectively absorbing the ultraviolet and near-infrared parts of the spectrum with small-molecule compounds. 47]à [48]Researchers at UCLA more recently developed an analogous polymer solar cell, following the same approach, that is 70% transparent and has a 4% power conversion efficiency. [49] à The efficiency limits of both opaque and transparent organic solar cells were recently outlined. [50]à [51]à These lightweight, flexible cells can be produced in bulk at a low cost, and could be used to create power generating windows. Silicon thin films Silicon thin-film cellsà are mainly deposited byà chemical vapor depositionà (typically plasma-enhanced, PE-CVD) fromà silaneà gas andà hydrogenà gas. Depending on the deposition parameters, this can yield:[52] 1. Amorphous siliconà (a-Si or a-Si:H) 2. Protocrystallineà silicon or 3. Nanocrystalline siliconà (nc-Si or nc-Si:H), also called microcrystalline silicon. It has been found that protocrystalline silicon with a low volume fraction of nanocrystalline silicon is optimal for high open circuit voltage. [53]à These types of silicon present dangling and twisted bonds, which results in deep defects (energy levels in the bandgap) as well as deformation of the valence and conduction bands (band tails). The solar cells made from these materials tend to have lowerà energy conversion efficiencyà thanà bulkà silicon, but are also less expensive to produce. Theà quantum efficiencyà of thin film solar cells is also lower due to reduced number of collected charge carriers per incident photon. An amorphous silicon (a-Si) solar cell is made of amorphous or microcrystalline silicon and its basic electronic structure is theà p-i-nà junction. -Si is attractive as a solar cell material because it is abundant and non-toxic (unlike its CdTe counterpart) and requires a low processing temperature, enabling production of devices to occur on flex ible and low-cost substrates. As the amorphous structure has a higher absorption rate of light than crystalline cells, the complete light spectrum can be absorbed with a very thin layer of photo-electrically active material. A film only 1 micron thick can absorb 90% of the usable solar energy. [54]à This reduced material requirement along with current technologies being capable of large-area deposition of a-Si, the scalability of this type of cell is high. However, because it is amorphous, it has high inherent disorder and dangling bonds, making it a bad conductor for charge carriers. These dangling bonds act as recombination centers that severely reduce the carrier lifetime and pin the Fermi energy level so that doping the material to n- or p- type is not possible. Amorphous Silicon also suffers from the Staebler-Wronski effect, which results in the efficiency of devices utilizing amorphous silicon dropping as the cell is exposed to light. The production of a-Si thin film solar cells uses glass as a substrate and deposits a very thin layer of silicon byà plasma-enhanced chemical vapor depositionà (PECVD). A-Si manufacturers are working towards lower costs per watt and higher conversion efficiency with continuous research and development onà Multijunction solar cellsà for solar panels. Anwell Technologies Limitedà recently announced its target for mul How to cite Street Light, Essay examples joshuawright1476http://www.blogger.com/profile/06931874209968947098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-249196977550754610.post-5453240463068684082020-04-24T09:45:00.001-07:002020-04-24T09:45:03.352-07:00Romeo and Juliet Act 2 Scene 2 Essay ExampleRomeo and Juliet: Act 2 Scene 2 Paper Today we are going to be rehearsing Act 2 Scene 2, which is most commonly called the Balcony Scene. This scene is vital to the play, because with out the scene there might not have even been a story to write about. In many peoples opinions including mine this is the centre point of the play. This is because if Romeo hadnt jumped over the wall and consequently landed in Juliets garden. Romeo and Juliet probably wouldnt have seen each other again for a long while; and in the mean time their feelings would have died down from the heat of the moment. Also Romeo wasnt meant to hear what Juliet was saying about him. It was all thoughts on the top of Juliets head that were spur of the moment. They were also probably slightly embellished from what they actually were. The young love and the excitement of the party probably exaggerate their feelings. Juliet would never have said what she did if she knew Romeo was there. Hearing this would have thrilled Romeo especially after he had a crush on Rosaline for so long with it unreturned. To hear his feelings returned would only have heightened them. This is Juliets first kiss, so naturally she would be feeling excited and worked up. We will write a custom essay sample on Romeo and Juliet: Act 2 Scene 2 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Romeo and Juliet: Act 2 Scene 2 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Romeo and Juliet: Act 2 Scene 2 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I think this would have died down, if fate hadnt played its part and in effect sped up their love. Now I want both of you acting Romeo and Juliet to understand how your characters would be feeling in this scene. Romeo- you have just escaped from your friends who are jesting at scars that have never felt a wound. To stop having to hear them teasing you, you have jumped over this wall, and you suddenly see your love Juliet. Romeo when you say what light through yonder window breaks? it can be interpreted in two ways. One, that you quite literally; see a candle light in the window. Or, which is how I would prefer you to act it, is that you see Juliet, and she is the light. Shakespeare used a lot of light imagery. Such as a diamond in an Ethiopians ear. I would like you to act it this way, not only because it gives more feeling to the audience, but also because Romeo has used light imagery through out the play. In this speech Romeo you carry on using light imagery, for example when you say Arise, fair sun, and kill the envious moon, Your saying how Juliet is your sun and you want to see her but also that she is so perfect, she makes the moon jealous. Now Juliet you will be feeling all wrapped up in you emotions right now. Imagine youre about 13 and you have just had your first kiss, youre excited and in love at first sight with someone you barely know. Romeo when Juliet appears in the window, you have to show deep emotion. The audience needs to be able to see just how big your feelings are, to shows its actual love not just an infatuation like with Rosaline. Your first line it is my lady, O it is my love: needs to be said with love and compassion. It is so vital in this scene that you make sure that it is portrayed to the audience that your love for Juliet is so much more, than for Rosaline and that Rosaline was just a courtly lover. If it is not shown in this scene, one of the main love scenes then the whole play is not nearly as tragic. The play is all about the power of love. So if the audience dont understand the extent of Romeo and Juliets love; then the play is not nearly as strong. Shakespeare tried to show the difference in Romeos love for Rosaline and Juliet in the language. When Romeo was in love with Rosaline, his flamboyant language was all about himself and his feelings; not about Rosaline. Compared to when he loves Juliet, his language becomes more simple and all about Juliet. For example after you see Juliet in this speech you say Two of the fairest stars in all the heaven, Having some business, do entreat her eyes, To twinkle in their spheres till they return. This means that when the two brightest stars in the sky, have to go, they would ask Juliets eyes to replace them. This is also more light imagery that Shakespeare uses to define the relationship of the lovers. The whole scene is suffused with the glow and light of their love. At this point Juliet when you say Ay me! although its a very short line, it is not at all insignificant. This needs to be said in a heart felt sigh, showing to the audience how all you can think about is Romeo. Juliet, as you can see this is when you say the most famous line in the play, and possibly even literature. O Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou Romeo? But there is a common misconception about this line. What it actually means is O Romeo why are you a Montague Juliet is expressing her pains that Romeo is a Montague, her families arch-enemies. Or if he will not deny thy father and refuse thy name but swear is love then she will no longer be a Capulet This speech shows the sincerity of her love for Romeo, that she would disown her family. This needs to be said with feeling for the audience to understand the deepness of her love. This is a crucial speech in the play. At hearing this Romeo you need to be elated by the fact that she is returning the deepness of your love. Now you are in two minds, on wether to hear more or to speak at this so Juliet knows that you are there. This needs to be said slowly to show your conundrum to the audience. In the next speech Juliet, you are deliberating about the importance of names. Whats Montague? It is nor hand nor foot, it isnt anything but a name, its nothing. Juliet you go on contemplating the concept of why names mean nothing. Juliet is saying just because he is a Montague it doesnt make him a bad person. She compares this to a rose. That which we call a rose By any other word would smell as sweet; So Romeo is just as sweet as he would be if he wasnt a Montague. Juliet goes on to say that if Romeo casts aside his name then for doing that he can take all of Juliet. Now Romeo, you would be so euphoric at hearing this you would jump out of your hiding place and stand below Juliets balcony shouting up to her, to swiftly say but with deep passion how you will take Juliets word and never will be Romeo. From here Romeo you will go on to say how your name is hateful to you because its an enemy to thee Then Juliet you show the first sign of the connection between you and Romeo, that its true love not just a quick romance. Its the first time that you have shown a sign of being in love with Romeo. Romeo has already shown his love for Juliet, with out saying it by his change in language. So Juliet what it actually means when you say My ears have yet not drunk a hundred words is showing how she hasnt understood what Romeo has been saying, however it is significant when you say yet I know the sound. Because it shows how you still know its him even though you have spent such little time with him prior to this meeting. Then Juliet (when you later go on talking) you show how practical you are, so when you say the passage concerned about how Romeo got on to the wall, and if any of her kinsmen find him there; he will be killed. It needs to be said with great concern, to show to the audience the contrast, between Juliet and her practical concerns and Romeos unreasonable attitude. As he replies that he got on to the wall With loves light wings, and that nothing can hold love out. All this Romeo needs to be said with a care free, foolish way, to underline to the audience the difference in attitudes at this point. Romeo you take an irrational, unrealistic response to Juliets worries of his death. Then as you carry on this irrational charade, you say a very ironic speech which to the audience knowing how the story ends, from the prologue is very sad. Romeo you need to make sure that when you say this it is said to draw the attention of the audience and in such a haphazard, light-hearted way, to make the audience feel sad, due to the hindsight they will have. The passage says how you, Romeo would prefer to die with Juliets love then death prorogued, wanting of they love This indeed is finally how the play ends. In this next passage you Juliet, are saying some things that are embarrassing, so you need to act this with a bashful air, by looking down and doing occasional glances at Romeo, with a slight hush and pauses as you speak. Here you say how embarrassed you are, and that you are glad the mask of night is on your face, because otherwise Romeo would see you blushing. You wish that Romeo hadnt heard what you had said, so she could play harder to get, then laying all her cards down straight away. Then suddenly you need to look Romeo, straight in the eye to show your sincerity to the audience, and say directly Dost thou love me? leave a slight pause and say in a more rushed tone that you know he will say Ay and its a silly question because you will take thy word and believe him. Juliet you ask Romeo, which must be said truly heart felt, that Romeo must either pronounce it faithfully, his love for her or; if he thinks that you are too quickly won, If he said this you will frown but be preserve and pretend to refuse you, Romeo. Then Juliet you say how in truth, you are too fond of Romeo. But you tell Romeo to trust you. At this point you reach over the balcony and hold Romeos hand, look straight at him, to show the audience the sincerity. You tell Romeo that you will prove more true than those who were harder to get. You admit that you should have played more strange, but Romeo over heard you so you had not chance to do so. After this to prove your sincerity of love to Juliet; you Romeo swear by the moon, but Juliet tells you not to swear by the moon because it is inconsistent, meaning that his love was inconsistent. While you have been saying this you have climbed up and leaning over the balcony to Juliet. To also physically show to the audience, your efforts to prove to Juliet you love for her is true. So Romeo, after Juliet tells you not to swear at all; but if he must swear by the gracious self, you say readily and eagerly to her about your love until she cuts you off. When she does this you must look slightly disappointed but wrapped up in her all the same. Juliet this is where you show more of your practical personality in the audience, and of your maturity that has clearly developed since the beginning of the play. You are in sudden fear that this is all happening so fast. So that it will end so fast. This is all so sadly ironic, which the audience needs to pick up on, because they will as before, know from the prologue the fate of the young couples lives and love. Here the speeches are needed to be said with more urgency, because they are running out of time together. But because of this they are more genuine and truthful, as there is no time for poetic imagery, of light, flowers and so forth. Here Romeo you say to Juliet O wilt thou leave me so unsatisfied. Which at first both the audience and Juliet take to be a very forward comment, jumping to the conclusion that he wants to make love. Which is why Juliet asks slightly shocked and a bit worried, What satisfaction canst thou have tonight? Romeo here you must act completely unaware of what Juliet thought he meant, so that the audience understands that this is not what he meant. That what he wanted was loves faithful vow for his. Which Juliet you reply to with complete truth that she gave her vow of love before thou didst request it. And she wishes she could give it again. But clearly she cant because there is not enough time. But this does give the valid point of the sincerity of what Juliets love is, because she did say it before Romeo declared his. So when Romeo asks you to declaire it again you use imagery of water. My bounty is as boundless as the sea. Your love for Romeo gets deeper the more she gives to him. Her love is everlasting and endless; its infinite. Here Romeo and Juliet I want you to be holding on to both of each others hands. Romeo you must me completely stretched over the top of the balcony to Juliet. To emphasise how much you want to be with her, not just in the literal sense. Then as the nurse calls for Juliet within and Juliet desperately says how she will come back out, you pull apart, so unwillingly. As Juliet has left the balcony, Romeo you climb over the top and sit on the edge. Leave a slight pause once you have got into position and just look in to the night, to show the audience how you are in deep thought. Then sigh as you talk to the night. You say how afraid that because it is night you are worried it is all just a dream. After all that is what Juliet is to you, she is the girl of your dreams. (Juliet Speech to finish off need help! ) Here we will call it a day, but we will carry on from here tomorrow. As you go I want to leave you with one last thought to think about. I want each of you to think about just how much both of you have changed in the little time you have known each other. Romeo you have gone from being self wallowing and wrapped up of the idea in love, that all he was chasing was a dream, the infatuation with Rosaline was nothing. This Shakespeare tried to emphasise in different ways. But mainly in the flamboyant language and imagery to someone who understand. Then after you met Juliet you changed and realised that it wasnt all about you. As well as how wonderful Juliet was, and how you wanted to be with her not just superficially, because of her looks. Now Juliet you have changed greatly as well. Before you met Romeo you were nai ve, and juvenile. Where as now, you are proving to be the practical, and mature one. Worrying about safety and pushing your relationship forward. If it wasnt for you Romeo would probably still be at your balcony trying to prove how much he loved you at the end of the play! Romeo and Juliet act 2 scene 2 Essay Example Romeo and Juliet act 2 scene 2 Paper The scene opens with Romeos glorifying monologue to Juliets beauty. Romeos many comparisons of Juliet to the sun, stars and heavens, suggest that he is looking upwards, and that Juliet appears at an upstairs window. The images of bright light that he uses to describe her: But soft, what light through yonder window breaks? It is the east and Juliet is the sun! or Two of The fairest stars in all the heaven, having some business, do entreat her eyes to twinkle in their spheres till they return. , show Romeos unqualified love for Juliet. The images of bright light are represented differently in the many versions in which the film has been shot. Meanwhile in the older versions of the shakespearean tragedy the only really bright light is represented by the moon, that alone shines omnipotent over the scene, giving it a unique touch, in the newer versions this characteristic is represented in a more modern and extravagant way. The small lights attached to the orchard, that Romeo climbs to reach Juliets balcony, and the underwater lightning when the two lovers fall into the swimming pool manage to give a similiar effect of romance to the one that characterised the scene in the past versions. The underwater camera view creates a surrealistic and exremely romantic effect. The wetness is another determining factor in the scene. After falling into the pool the two caracters are obviously soaked. We will write a custom essay sample on Romeo and Juliet act 2 scene 2 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Romeo and Juliet act 2 scene 2 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Romeo and Juliet act 2 scene 2 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Wetness has always symbolized sexuality and wildness, this image is probably connected to the fact, that when hair is wet it loses its original shape and becomes uncontrollable, also the feature that Juliet is wearing a see through dress increases the sense of sexual tension. Romeo as well as comparing her to images of light, describes her as a source of light itself. When she first speaks, he uses religious images of adoration, comparing her to an angel, a winged messenger of heaven, upon whom mortals fall back to gaze in wonder. Romeo had previously described Juilet with religious imagery; when they met at the ball, he describes her as a holy shrine. This, once more, indicates the deepness of Romeos love for Juliet, a love that is gradually turning into idolatry. Romeo is so caught up in his feelings that he doesnt care anymore for his security. The religious imagery is primarily represented by the clothes Juliet is wearing: the white dress and the silk wings give us a picture of Juliet being no longer a human being but more of a godess descended on earth. Also her standing on a balcony, a level above Romeo, reinforces this image. There is a big contrast between the two characters: Romeo dressed up as a knight and having risked his life to come and see Juliet, just as a knight would risk his life for his king, and Juliet being so innocent and angelic, delighted by Romeos visit. Juliets admission of love prompts Romeo to reveal himself, and to declare the hate for his name: Call me but love, and Ill be new baptised: Henceforth I never will be Romeo. Romeo is prepared to forget his past as a Montague, and betray his family s name and therefore his family too. In those times when the family honour was a very important part of ones personality, a statement such as this one could only signify true dedication and worship towards his love for Juliet. As she discovers him hiding in the orchard, her first excalamtion is one of fear for his safety;: How camst thou hither, tell me, and wherefore? The orchard walls are high and hard to climb, and the place death, considering who thou art, If any of my kinsmen find thee here. But Romeo dismisses the danger. Neither stone walls nor Capulet kinsmen can prevent his love: With loves light wings did I oerperch these walls, for stony limits cannot hold love out, And what love can do, that dares love attempt: Therefore thy kinsmen are no stop to me. Juliets love and the cover of the night protect him. In an image which will recur dramatically in his final speech in the play, Romeo compares himself to a sea-voyager driven to seek Juliets love, even if it were at the very ends of earth: I am no pilot, yet wert thou as far as that vast shore washed with the farthest sea, I should adventure for such merchandise. We can clearly see the difference in language use, between the two characters; on one hand there is Romeos insatiable romance which always seems to have the answer to Juliet enquiries, on the the other hand there is Juilets simple and direct speech. Juliet, unlike Romeo, is incapable of fully enjoying these brief moments with her lover, continuously worrying about being caught in the wrong. Romeo in this scene demonstrates that he possesses an immense courage, supported from his blind love for Juliet, he doesnt seem to care about the kinsmen that are patroling the building, and hes living these moments to the full. Once more we see how Romeo idolizes Juliet. He possesses the courage that only one who is protected by his god would have. In the video the contrast between the two characters attitude and language, is represented rather more by their actions than by their speech. Meanwhile, Juliet is terrorized by the idea of him been caught, Romeo doesnt care about his security. In fact when he and Juliet fall into the swimmimg pool, he jumps up shouting his love for her, at which point a guard gets suspicious and comes to check, and Romeo is close to getting discovered. Even though this moment in which Romeo is close to being caught, he is still unworried towards the situation, and completely focused on Juliet. Her questions and enquiries are suffocated by Romeos kisses and romantic attitude. Romeos mind is like flying towards other planets and dimensions, and does not understand Juliets reluctance and timidity towards his attitude. When Juliet manages to separate herself from Romeo, he explicitly claims not to be satisfied enough: O wilt thou leave me so unsatisfied? , referring in a double sense to Juliets lack of sensuality. Juliet admits embarassement at being overheard telling of her love. She rejects formal ways of speaking and behaving : farewell compliment, and asks Romeo directly if he loves her. She pleads for him to answer truthfully: pronounce faithfully, admitting she declared her own love for him unaware of his presence. She begs him not to swear by the moon, which is changeable and inconstant, but only by himself. This is a metaphor comparing Romeos love changes to the changes of the moon; before Romeo fell in love Juliet, he was already in love with another woman, Rosaline, which was immediately forgetten at the first sight of Juliet. She is afraid that Romeo would forget her just asquickly as he fell in love with her. Suddenly fearful, she sees their instant falling in love as too rash, too unadvised. It may prove as brief as a lightining flash, over as quickly as it began. In reply to Romeos anxious questions why she wishes to withdraw her vow of love and offer it again, Juliet uses simple but profoundly eloquent language to express the never-ending quality of her love for him: My bounty is as a boundless sea, My love as deep; the more I give to thee The more I have, for both are infinite . Juliet is the one to make the practical arrangements for the marriage, since Romeo is still dreaming about the time spent together. Before the two lovers separate themselves, Juliet uses a peculiar and very contradictory type of imagery to describe her feelings for Romeo, comparing herself to a playful girl and Romeo to her bird, which she lets free for a bit but then takes back because she cant live without him: I would have thee gone; And yet no farther than a wantons bird, that lets it hop a little from her hand, like a poor prisoner in his twisted gyves, and with a silk thread plucks it back again, so loving jealous of his liberty. This reflects the relationship between the two lovers; Juliet does not have the freedom that the bird, Romeo, has and has to let him go, but only for a bit, until they can meet again. And she is jealous of the freedom that a bird has, in fact Romeo wishes she was a bird so that she could have the freedom, and the possibility to live to the full her love with Romeo: I would I were thy bird. Juliet has played the dominant role in this scene ( she speaks twice as many lines as Romeo), it is her farewell that often remains in the audiences mind as the memorable expression of loverss leave taking. She leaves with an oxymoron that encapsulates the conflicts of the play and its joys and heartaches: Parting is such a sweet sorrow. Juliet on her first appearence appears submissive, modest, almost tongue-tied. She has little to say, and seems to respect her mothers authority. But this 13 year-old girl, superficially conventional and demure, rapidly matures in her meetings with Romeo. She allowes him to kiss her only moments after their first meeting, and in this scene she seems to take the lead, speaking twice as many times as Romeo. Shes the one who proposes the marriage, and does so the very next day. Critics tende to idealise Juliet and her love for Romeo. They describe her as charmingly innocent, but frank and courageous. Romeo appears first as a stock figure of romance: the moody young lover who is rejected by an unattainable woman. He is seen as the abject slave of a sadistic godess, he seems more in love with love than with an actual person. This scene is very important for the understanding of the whole play, as in it there are contained images and metaphors that encapsulate essential meanings of the play. Already from the beginning of the tragedy, expressions such as: star-crossed lovers, referring to the realtionship between Romeo and Juliet, give an idea on the course of the play. In the video version, directed by Baz Lurhman, an important metaphor is represented: when the two lovers fall into the swimming pool, their state of being is a comparison to their relationship: gradually their love is gettin uncontrolled and soon it will become impossible to manage, just like a person is not able to completely manage their movements in a swimming pool, where they dont touch. How the scene was adapted in the modern version, is probably more significative for us, as the type of atmosphere approaches more our ideal of love and romance, also it highlights meanings and images that would be difficult to interpretate in the older versions of the play. joshuawright1476http://www.blogger.com/profile/06931874209968947098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-249196977550754610.post-74437587646235224082020-03-17T22:12:00.001-07:002020-03-17T22:12:02.836-07:00Indianapolis Colts Marketing EssaysIndianapolis Colts Marketing Essays Indianapolis Colts Marketing Essay Indianapolis Colts Marketing Essay The process is then filtered down to managers (coaches) who are able to exploit employees (players) strengths that would have otherwise gone UN-noticed and fill their systematic needs. As a result, the end consumers (fans) and sponsors are able to make themselves or their company synonymous with a winner. The key to this formula is not Just one part but a combination of complex factors that facilitate the end result, winning football games. SOOT Analysis Internal Strengths An important strength that was stated above is the ability to find talent. This lies directly in the hands of the team president Bill Poplin. In a league where so much emphasis is put on the individual, Poplin focuses more on team cohesion, character, and fitting into a specific system. Startling as it may be, the Colts Super Bowl team featured 15 (out of 22) starters who were drafted by this man. His first pick came in 1998 (Peyote Manning) when the Colts owner Jim Arias gave up a third round pick to the Carolina Panthers In order to acquire Pollens services (Efferent). Instead of signing high priced free agents like most other teams are tempted to do because of he short-term benefits, he Is more Inclined to be more economical and tap hidden resources. Then, If you develop within the system Pollen will likely reward a players effort financially. Even with all of the success the team has had, it is even more remarkable to find it ranked 29th in team salaries for the 2010 season (NFG Salaries 2010). These abilities of Poplin, provide the organization with a distinctive competence because it is unique and has been unmatched by rivals. Another strength that should not go unnoticed is the seamless organizational changes the Colts have been able to make. For example their coach Jim Caldwell, who is entering his second season as head coach, was an assistant coach for seven years in a number of positions before taking over for Tony Dungy 0. This recent trend has been happening at all stages of the organization, from players all the way up through ownership. By giving ownership, coaches, and/or players time to mold the next person Into line; the chances of failure are reduced, and the brand can continue to thrive. This would qualify as a core competence because It Is an essential part of their strategy and resides in the staff and knowledge based. I en last strength would De winner ten colts play none games, Lucas o features a retractable roof, seating capacity of 63,000, two enormous high definition television screens, 137 suites, and a grand view of the Indianapolis skyline (Lucas Oil Stadium). So far for the 2010 season, the stadium has been filled to an average capacity of 67,072 (2010 Football Attendance). The playing surface is composed off synthetic turf, which is very much like grass but does not require detailed attention on a daily basis and is more cost-effective. By only having to invest 100 million of out he 725 million it cost to build, the Colts were able to minimize their level of capital exposure and still maintain a consistent winning attitude (Lucas Oil Stadium). Internal Weaknesses Like any other organization, the Colts have their own internal troubles. Sometimes it is hard to fathom a weakness within such a successful organization? Well, there are a wide variety ranging from all spectrums but main concerns center around a key players contract, and the market in which the Colts exist. Whether or not people like it, Peyote Manning is the face of the franchise for the Indianapolis Colts and has been for quite some time now. His contract is due to expire after the 2010 season, making him a free agent and the ability to sign with any other team. Arias has made remarks to the press several times that he intends on making his franchise quarterback the highest paid player in history but has not made good on his word as of yet. The uncertainty for the 2011 season and the market in which the Colts exist is probably a driving force behind a delay in Meanings new deal. Even though Indianapolis is the 1 lath largest city in the United States sport organizations like the Colts who are rather successful are still being dwarfed by larger market. For instance, last year the Redskins who were a losing franchise still managed to create a revenue stream of $345 million. As for the Colts, who made it to the Super Bowl and have had sustained success? They could only manage $233 million and will still below the league average of $236. 7 million (Schistose). External Opportunity Weve already discussed the relevance of the new Lucas Oil Stadium for home football games but it actually serves a larger purpose. There are only ten home games each year including pre-season games and that leaves a significant amount of time where football is not being played. The organization has been able to realize this and capitalize on the opportunity to increase revenue that is not shared with the rest of the National Football League. Seating capacity can either be reduced to 41,000 or expanded to 70,000 seats in order to cater to events such as basketball games, conventions, concerts and other marquee events (Lucas Oil Stadium). Another opportunity is Super Bowl KILL that is to be played at Lucas Oil Stadium in 2012. This will be the first time the city of Indianapolis will host such an event that used to be primarily played in warm weather cities. The economic impact of is the suggest upside for the city and could be in the neighborhood of $450 million (Cognoscente). Even tong ten colts wall not De addle to reap all AT ten pronto the rest of the world to observe how great of a city and venue the host has provided. If all goes well, there could be a potential for another Super Bowl to be played at Lucas Oil Stadium. External Threats The biggest threat facing the Colts organization externally is the possibility of a lockout for the 2011 season. There has been no agreement between the players union and owners on revenue percentages that are distributed to each. With each assign day, it looks more like a reality for this to happen. Basically, no one wins if there is a lockout because the potential to make money is gone. Television revenue will be the only money coming in and will eventually have to be paid back when football games do resume. Listed below are some additional parts to the analysis: SOOT Analysts Strengths: I Weaknesses: I * Front Office Coaching Staff * Consistent winning team * Studiousness * Brand Image/Reputation I * Smaller market * Player contracts I Opportunities: I Threats: I * Super Bowl in 2012 * Loyal fan base * Outside events I *Possible league cookout in 2011 * Other local teams (Pacers, Indians, etc) * Struggling economy I Benchmarking Benchmarking is a tool that allows a company to determine whether its performance of a particular function or activity represents the best practice when both cost and effectiveness are taken into account. This is something that we do subconsciously all the time. We always want to know what it takes to put out our product, and then we want to know how much it costs for our competition to put out its product. It is human nature to want to improve, and especially in the USA, improvement is demanded. Setting benchmarks for an organization is essential and it guides how the company makes decisions. With the Indianapolis Colts being a member of the NFG, it is very difficult to discover any in depth financial that are revealing. But one was very interesting to me. As we have mentioned earlier, one of the key success factors for the Colts, is a winning team on the field. To have the winning team you need players and the Colts overall payroll in 2010 was 5, ranking 29th (NFG Salaries). It is interesting that the Colts have been able to put such a consistent, winning, on field product that even wins league championships, paying sees in overall payroll than 28 other teams. It attests to the fact that it is more than just players that win games. The Colts have had a consistent coaching staff as well. Of the current 19 coaches on staff, 10 of them have been with the organization for 8+ years (Colts Coaches). Having the same coaches year in and year out provide stability Tort ten players Ana ten organization as a wangle. I en Detentes AT Dealing addle to Keep a coaching staff together are innumerable and invaluable. One statistic that is easily measurable is the ticket price of the games. The average ticket price for a Colts game is $54. 5 which puts them below the league average (Sports Ticket Price Guide). One this is great Just for economic reasons, but it also fits the fan demographic of the typical Colts fan. In both 2009 and 2008 the colts averaged over capacity at their new home Lucas Oil Stadium. In 2009 they were 1 of 8 teams that averaged over capacity (NFG Attendance) Value Chain Analysis The Indianapolis Colts have a core product of football that they are selling to their customers. However, customers can see football games at high schools, colleges, or other professional teams, so they must set themselves apart from their competition. The Colts add value to their brand of football in a variety of ways. Michael Porters value chain allows a look at each action the Colts perform in order to create the best product possible. There are five primary activities that the team undergoes during the process of adding value to its product. These are sales, marketing, sponsorships, operations, and service. Operations Operations cover a wide variety of issues for the Colts. Running a football team takes a large amount of effort and resources. The Colts play in one of the best stadiums in the NFG, which immediately adds value to the product the team is selling. Fans want to see a game in an enjoyable atmosphere with top notch facilities. Lucas Oil Stadium provides this. Stadium Journey rated Lucas Oil Stadium as being the best facility and having the best atmosphere of any stadium in the NFG (Bleacher Report). Having top notch facilities is important to the fan and can bring in a significant amount of money. Running such a stadium takes a large staff. The Colts employ grounds crew and parking operations employees and also have many other Jobs that are better covered by other parts of the value chain, such as marketing and ticket office staff and game day workers. Stadium operations and grounds crew workers are employed directly by the Colts, but parking attendants are outsourced by the team. While important to the team, these resources are better used in other ways, so allowing another company to handle this is a better option. Operations also cover the coaching staff and players. If a good product is not put out on the field, fans will not attend the game regardless of how nice the stadium is. The Colts have done a great job over the years of putting together a top-notch team year in and year out. In 2009 he Colts went 14-2 in the regular season, a winning percentage of 87. 5%, the best record in the NFG. They won their division and the AFC Championship before eventually losing in the Super Bowl. Even with the loss, the Colts appeared in their second Super Bowl in four years, adding an extreme amount of value to the product. Fans want to see their team win, and the Colts have done this better than almost all other teams. Since 2000, the Colts have the fifth best record in the NFG, out of 32 teams (Best Football Talk). Operations are the first step to building a successful team, s you cannot run a franchise without players, coaches, a facility, and staff. Marketing After a team, facility, and stadium staff are put together, the team must make itself known to its potential customers through marketing and promotions. NFG teams have to market themselves well in order to build up value for their franchise. The Indianapolis Colts hire an in-house marketing team to bring out their name. While outsourcing Is Test Tort concessions Ana parking, ten colts nave called to Keep tenet marketing employees internal in order to have better control and accountability. This Taft is responsible for getting out into the community, both physically and virtually, to make sure local residents know everything that is going on with the team. They create billboards and advertisements for the community to see and also run promotions during games. These two areas are extremely important to the team. The fans must know when the team plays and any special offers and contests the team is running in order to be convinced to buy tickets. While at the game, the marketing department handles all on-field promotions and games with the intent of grabbing the interest of fans. The atmosphere is vital to a great fan experience and it is the marketing staffs Job to make sure this happens. While cheerleaders are not officially within the marketing department, they are strongly related and the two departments often work in conjunction. The cheerleaders squad is also run internally by the team, which is different from many other teams, who outsource their cheerleaders. Cheerleaders work only part time for the team but also make many appearances outside of the stadium. They take part in marketing events and player appearances in order to garner more attention for the Colts. They are also often involved with in-game promotions. The Colts spend a significant amount of money advertising, as can be seen from the amount of billboards and commercials in and around Indianapolis, but this money brings a considerable quantity of revenue to the team, making it vital to their day-to-day operations. The marketing team also works closely with the ticket operations staff, but currently the Colts have chosen to keep them under separate departments. Sponsorships Sponsorships bring in an enormous amount of revenue to teams. Franchises must work with other businesses to advertise. This works both ways. The Colts are able to attach their name to local and national companies, and in return those companies are allowed to use the Colts name and logo on its products. Both sides gain revenue and exposure from this type of deal. Sometimes businesses do not have the money or staff to get too involved with the team, and instead simply buy a space inside the stadium to advertise their company. This could be a commercial on the screen during a game or posted signs around the stadium. Possibilities are nearly endless for this type of operation, and the Colts have a team in place to figure out what is most appropriate for each business client. The corporate sales team, like the marketing and ticket operations departments, is handled internally. Major clients of the Colts include Union Federal Bank, Marsh Supermarkets, Papa Johns, Lucas Oil, Toyota, and Forum Credit Union (Colts. Com). The partnership between the Colts and these companies brings credibility to both parties. Many people will buy products simply because the Colts logo is on them, and seeing the logo reminds them of the Colts, which can lead to increased ticket sales, yet again, a valuable part of the franchise. Sales After the foundation of the team is set up with its stadium and operations staff and NAS mar tea K Itself to ten community as well as galena corporate partners, outlets to the games themselves must be sold. Ticket sales are the most important part of any sports team. If fans do not come to the stadium, not enough money will be made to support the team. The value added by marketing and sponsorships plays largely into sales. Marketing creates sales leads that the ticketing department can follow up on and also creates awareness about the team, causing people to buy tickets. The Colts and other teams use techniques such as cold calling and great customer service to entice fans to purchase tickets. The Colts are currently in a near perfect situation because they do not have to work too hard to sell their tickets. Every Colts home game in 2009 was sold out. The average attendance at those games was 66,549. Lucas Oil Stadium only holds 63,000 fans, so the average capacity rate was 105. 6% (Business First). With sold out games the Colts are able to save money on employees and bills because there are not any single game tickets to sell. This is a major nominative advantage compared with many other teams. But ticket sales are down across the NFG and there will most likely come a time when tickets are not sold out. The Colts have a staff that is prepared to handle a situation where targeting specific potential customers is necessary. The employees of the Colts will use warm and cold calling and other techniques in order to bring fans back into Lucas Oil Stadium. As with other departments, the Colts run their sales staff internally. Full-time, part-time, and internship positions are available with the team. While outsourcing the staff may eve money up front, instead the team is able to train their staff how they want and they have better control over all sales decisions that are made. The distribution of tickets costs the team money, but service and processing fees are added onto the order to account for these expenses. This allows the team to keep more of the revenue gained from each ticket. Tickets can be purchased online, over the phone, or at the ticket office itself. This is very valuable for fans as it provides flexibility based on what is easier for each individual fan without adding too much more of an expense for the team. With many different price levels, seating preferences, and handicap accessible seating, customers are able to choose which combination of price and location is best for them. Having such a wide variety of options adds great value to the ticket office and in turn the team itself. Service Creating the best possible fan experience means following up with the customer even after the ticket sale has been completed. The Colts have a large staff of employees in order to serve customers, both during the week and on game days. They provide support for any problems customers experience, sell concessions and researched, and have the ultimate goal of improving the fan experience. Fans have different needs and having a staff to take care of those needs is very important. Ushers, concession workers, security, and simply having people around to ask questions to, in addition to workers in operations, marketing, and sales, are vital to creating a smooth, fun experience for the fan. From personal experience, the Colts have a well-trained staff that is better than most other organizations. These positions are outsourced to a variety of companies. Security and crowd management is run by company called Contemporary Services Corporation (SC). The Indianapolis branch AT SC Is actually nausea Insane AT Lucas 011 stadium, allowing quickly access to ten resources of the team and stadium. Contemplate, a hospitality company based out of Connecticut, currently has the bid to run concessions for the team. Outsourcing these positions frees up both time and money for the Colts. Rather than training and supervising these extra hundreds of employees, the Colts can focus their efforts on the most important issues ticket sales, operations, marketing, and sponsorships. Because of the mass of money and customers, any major company would love to have the Colts as clients. This means the companies bid on working for the Colts, so the Colts end up with the best possible price for their needs. These five primary departments form together to create the brand of the Colts and the product of football. Each of these parts adds a significant amount of value to the product, enticing fans to purchase tickets. Even though some of these departments are less crucial to the day-to-day operations of the team than others, without even one of these sectors, the Colts would not be able to exist. joshuawright1476http://www.blogger.com/profile/06931874209968947098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-249196977550754610.post-33270238882143894652020-03-01T13:58:00.001-08:002020-03-01T13:58:04.055-08:00Santas Reply - A Funny, Comedic Male Monologue'Santa's Reply' - A Funny, Comedic Male Monologue This stand-alone comedic male monologue features Santa trying to win back Mrs. Claus. If you want to know how this happy couple fell apart, read Mrs. Clauses piece in our list of comedic female monologues. It may be used by students, actors, directors for educational or professional purposes. But remember, it is purely a work of fiction. In reality, Mr. and Mrs. Claus are happily married! Santas Reply SANTA: Dear Mrs. Claus... Ever since you left me for the Easter Bunny, my life has become utterly meaningless. Without you, the North Pole truly is the loneliest place in the world. Without you by my side, there has been no one to keep me on my diet. Ive gorged upon cookies and milk. I even stole Rudolphs carrots. I gobbled up the gingerbread house next door. The neighbors are furious. Ive gotten so big, the reindeer have developed back problems. Thanks to me, the sled now exceeds its maximum capacity. I dont think Ill be able to clear the Rockies this Christmas Eve. And I cant stop drinking. Ive been going to Eggnog Anonymous meetings, but they just arent helping. And I hesitate to mention how devastated the elves have been. They keep asking about you. So, as you can tell, without you, my life is ho-ho-horrible. Please come back to me. I dont care if youre naughty or nice. Theres no one else I want underneath my mistletoe. Please come home. joshuawright1476http://www.blogger.com/profile/06931874209968947098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-249196977550754610.post-29523957290878435382020-02-14T05:25:00.001-08:002020-02-14T05:25:02.520-08:00Inexorable Fate of Catherine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 wordsInexorable Fate of Catherine - Essay Example The actions and attitude of Catherine towards life and death, religion and ateism reflected that a person with a wide range of feelings had a fuller life than a person with a more restricted rang. When I read this chapter, it makes me think that we are alive when we are feeling freshly, or profoundly, or delicately; and that lack of all feeling is death and unconsciousness. But certain distinctions we can make within the scope of these propositions are by no means widely recognized; for instance, that fresh, strong feeling in Catherine is a different thing from the mass strong feeling she had faced with during the wartime. The life experience of Catherine depicted that some types and manifestations of human feeling were gross self-indulgence and were not at all the thing they appeared to be, in other words "this was what people got for loving each other" (Hemingway, 329). I disagreed with indifference and protests of Catherine against a priest. In my opinion, Catherine should change her mind and asked God to help her, but she refused. Henry asked Catherine: "Do you want me to get a priest or any one to come and see you", but she answered "Just you" (Hemingway, 330). On the other hand, this remark shows great love between Catherine and Henry, their mutual trust and support. Reading this chapter, I came to conclusion that in childhood, people believe subconsciously in superficial power of some thing beyond our understanding, in adolescence period, we deny everything being unable to join scientific knowledge about the world and unscientific knowledge on which religion is based. At the end of the chapter I understood that love to Henry was the only true faith for Catherine. I was amazed by courage and personal strength of Catherine in this chapter. Her courage and bravery proved the idea that only in difficult situations people show their real nature and courage: "When the pains were bad she called them good ones" (Hemingway, 326). Toughness stems were not from insensitivity but from a strict personal code which functions as the character's sole defense against the overwhelming chaos of death. Catherine was a real hero trying to support and encourage Henry. She told that she was "'not going to die" (Hemingway 326). The following passage was the most impressive part of the chapter, because as a reader I could do nothing to change the course of events but remain a passive viewer of human sufferings. "It seems she had one hemorrhage after another. They couldn't stop it. I went into the room and stayed with Catherine until she died. She was unconscious all the time, and it did not take her very long to die" (Hemingway 331). It was really difficult for me to read the rest of the chapter realizing that Catherine "would die" (Hemingway 327). The great irony of Catherine's death was that she had helped people all her life saving dozens of soldiers, but was faced with ultimately death of her own. The crying injustice was that she gave birth to a child who was stillborn. Her downfall was a result of a fatal flaw of events, a trait which she could not help as it was a fate which caused the tragedy and death. Catherine suffered beyond what could be expected, and paid beyond measure for whatever love and happiness she had. A new life always symbolizes great expectations and hopes which can change the life of a person or a family for the good, but for Catherine it resulted in death. Catherine tells Henry: "I'm not brave any more, darling, I'm joshuawright1476http://www.blogger.com/profile/06931874209968947098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-249196977550754610.post-79131875465769473992020-02-01T17:02:00.001-08:002020-02-01T17:02:03.361-08:00Current US GDP Figures and the Current State of the US Economy Research PaperCurrent US GDP Figures and the Current State of the US Economy - Research Paper Example Economic system is the process of construction, distribution and consumption by specific people within a particular geographical setting. The people can be individuals, association, and businesses or government (Mankiw, 2011). With these considerations, the paper intends to illustrate the current GDP figures and the current status of the US economy. Current US GDP Figures The GDP figures in the US have witnessed a considerable fluctuation in the past decade. In the United States, the GDP figure in the year 2013 stands at 15684.80 billion US Dollars. Approximately, 25.30% of US GDP represents the world economy. The figures related to the US GDP were illustrated by World Bank Group. From 2004, the GDP figures have endeavored to attain peak position but in 2010 it came down to 13893.3 billion US Dollars from 14219.3 billion US Dollars in 2009. Then again, from 2010 onwards, it has kept on increasing, which signifies a relatively stable condition of the US industrial sector (Trading Econ omics, 2013). US GDP Source: (Trading Economics, 2013) The production of goods and services by the labor and assets located inside the United States has significantly increased to 2.5% in the 2nd quarter of 2013 as reported by Bureau of Economic Analysis. According to the 1st quarter of 2013, the GDP was 1.1% and 0.1% in 2012 Quarter 4 (Cable News Network. A Time Warner Company, 2013). The total GDP in June 2013 was estimated to be US$16.6 trillion. The US has one of the strongest and industrially advanced economies in the world. Rental, leasing, real estates, educational services, health care, professional and insurance constitute over 40% of GDP (Trading Economics, 2013). The following illustration depicts the distribution of GDP in the leading industrial sectors in the US: Government related services: 13% of GDP Transportation, utilities, warehousing and information: 10% of GDP Retail and Wholesale trade Centre: 12% Manufacturing, Mining and Construction: 17% of GDP Agriculture: 1.5% Source: (Trading Economics, 2013) The recent boost in the economy has facilitated the US in terms of ensuring more exports and fixed investment. Moreover, with the enhancement of the economic purview, there has been an augmentation in expenditure by local government and reduction in the imports along with deceleration in private firmsââ¬â¢ investment and in personal expenditure (Sivy, 2013). US GDP % Change on a Quarterly Basis (2011 to 2013, Q2) Source: (Cable News Network. A Time Warner Company, 2013). Current State of US Economy The history related to the US economy could be viewed with reference to the influence made by the European settlements. US economy is the worldââ¬â¢s leading and technologically advanced economy. The nominal GDP of US was reported to be US$16.9 trillion in June 2013. US economy is determined to be a mixed economy and is able to uphold overall growth in GDP. The US has huge natural resources, advanced infrastructure and high productivity. The na tion is the 2nd largest producer related to natural gas and 3rd major producer of oil as well as it is 2nd biggest trading country in the world following China. From 2010, the US has remained the worldââ¬â¢s largest producer (The Heritage Foundation, ââ¬Å"United Statesâ⬠). After recording more than three years of uninterrupted economic growth, at present The US economy has recorded less than 2.25% growth and is estimated to slow down to less than 1% in the near future (Sivy, 2013). The US with an economic freedom score of 76 remains down in 2013 index and noted its joshuawright1476http://www.blogger.com/profile/06931874209968947098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-249196977550754610.post-86308199050658248932020-01-24T13:26:00.001-08:002020-01-24T13:26:02.861-08:00The Obscurities of the Individual :: Essays PapersThe Obscurities of the Individual In James Joyceââ¬â¢s Dubliners many themes arise in regards to the human basis of character. The author focuses on a critique of the situation in Ireland and on its society. This is adequately represented in the stories ââ¬Å"A Little Cloudâ⬠and ââ¬Å"The Deadâ⬠as well. With characters that suffuse themselves into the far back regimes of their minds, Joyce allows the reader to ââ¬Ëfeelââ¬â¢ the darkness that surrounds their lives. With efficient descriptions and simple storylines, every moment within the stories make the eventual understanding of the character' place in society that much more blatantly condemning. Each narration has its own identity, yet as the reader strings them along, one can construct a quaint picture of Dublin life at that time. There are many catalysts within every work that lead its main character to just theories, one of them is their lifestyles as a whole. The solitude that the characters dim their existence with makes their integration into social circles less complete. Whether this segregation is psychological, physical, or emotional, is irrelevant in the end. For the effects of this disparity is what eventually causes the rifts the characters create to consume their whole reality into the shadows of their perceptions. In ââ¬Å"A Little Cloudâ⬠, Little Chandler allows his emotional insecurities to separate him from every circle he attends. He feels that he isnââ¬â¢t really a part of society and therefore, upon his friendââ¬â¢s arrival, the tie he acquires allows him to reconnect himself to a life that he had long since hadnââ¬â¢t felt a part of. His many dreams have never been succeeded and he realizes that he isnââ¬â¢t living the life he wants. He has always played it safe within his every decision, thus the clarity that flows into his meager existence when expecting his friend is what saves him from total obscurity. This is highlighted when he enters the luminosity of the bar feeling important and is faced with its many colors which lead him to believe that ââ¬Å"the people were observing him curiouslyâ⬠(69). However, this point was already clear as he ââ¬Å"felt himself superior to the people he passedâ⬠(68) while on his way to meet his friend. Chandler appoi nts Gallaher as his gateway to the dreams he still has. In ââ¬Å"The Deadâ⬠, Gabriel finds that he has no real place within his relations because of his way of being. joshuawright1476http://www.blogger.com/profile/06931874209968947098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-249196977550754610.post-47830676189622733042020-01-16T09:50:00.001-08:002020-01-16T09:50:04.070-08:00History of Internet EssayThe term ââ¬ËInternetââ¬â¢ was coined on October 24, 1995. However the origin of the internet and related concepts are much older. The present day Internet is the revolutionized face of the nascent day communication system and is the most successful examples of benefits of sustained investment and commitment to information infrastructure (Leiner et al. , 2003). The unprecedented integration of collaboration, dissemination embarked by a series of gradual changes that the society has undergone with respect to the communication and connectivity needs. As described by Kristula (1997), it was in 1957 that the USA formed ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) within the DoD (Department of Defence) to establish US lead in science and technology applicable to the military. Until 1960ââ¬â¢s, the computers operated almost exclusively in batch mode, where programs were punched on stacks of cards and assembled into batches for the data to be fed in the local computer center. The need for the time sharing system had already set the stage for research and development work to make the time sharing possible on the computer systems. In an article, Hauben (1995), stated that the time sharing system led the foundation for the Interactive Computing, where the user could communicate and respond to the computerââ¬â¢s responses in a way that batch processing did not allow. Both Robert Taylor and Larry Roberts, future successors of Licklider as director of ARPAââ¬â¢s IPTO (Information Processing Techniques Office), pinpoint Licklider as the originator of the vision which set ARPAââ¬â¢s priorities and goals and basically drove ARPA to help develop the concept and practice of networking computers. Licklider has been described as the father of modern day network, having laid the seeds of the Intergalactic network, the initial prototype of the Internet today. The vision of the interconnection and interaction of diverse communities guided the creation of the original ARPANET. The APRANET pioneered important breakthroughs in computer networking technology and the ability to collaborate and use dispersed resources (Winston, 1998). In 1962, Paul Baran, a RAND research worker introduced the concept of ââ¬ËPacket Switchingââ¬â¢, while working towards the need of the U.à S. government to take command and control of any kind of nuclear attack. Packet switching was crucial to realization of computer networks and described breaking down of data into ââ¬â¢message blocksââ¬â¢ known as packets / datagrams, which were labeled to indicate the origin and the destination. Baranââ¬â¢s scheme was aided by telephone exchange methodology being used by information theory. The data was now sent in discrete packages around a network to achieve the same result ââ¬â a more even flow of data through the entire network. The same concept also developed by British computer pioneer Donald Watt known as Daviesââ¬â¢s Pilot Ace. Baranââ¬â¢s Distributive Adaptive Message Blockswitching became Watt Daviesââ¬â¢s ââ¬ËPacket Switchingââ¬â¢. The first host connected to the ARPANET was the SDS Sigma-7 on Sept. 2, 1969 at the UCLA (University of California in Los Angeles) site. It began passing bits to other sites at SRI (SDS-940 at Stanford Research Institute), UCSB (IBM 360/75 at University of California Santa Barbara), and Utah (Dec PDP-10 at the University of Utah). This was the first physical network and was wired together via 50 Kbps circuits. ARPANET at this stage used NCP (Network Control Protocol). By 1973, development began on TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) and then in 1974, the term ââ¬ËInternetââ¬â¢ was used in a paper on TCP/IP. The development of Ethernet, in 1976, supported high speed movement of data using coaxial cables and led the foundation for the LAN (Local Area Network). Packet satellite project, SATNET, went live connecting the US with Europe. Around the same time, UUCP (Unix ââ¬âto-Unix Co Py) was being developed by AT&T Bell Labs. The need to link together those in Unix Community triggered the development of the Usenet in 1979. Using homemade auto dial modems and the UUCP, the Unix shell and the find command (that were being distributed with the Unix OS), Bellovin, wrote some simple shell scripts to have the computers automatically call each other up and search for changes in the date stamps of the files. The Usenet was primarily organized around News net and was called as the ââ¬ËPoor Manââ¬â¢s ARPANETââ¬â¢, since joining ARPANET needed political connections was costly too. Woodbury, a Usenet pioneer from Duke University, described how ââ¬Å"News allowed all interested persons to read the discussion, and to (relatively) easily inject a comment and to make sure that all participants saw it. â⬠However, owing to the slow speed, the coding language was soon changed to ââ¬ËCââ¬â¢, thus becoming the first released version of Usenet in C programming popularly known as A News. By 1983, TCP/IP replaced NCP entirely and the DNS (Domain Name System) was created so that the packets could be directed to a domain name where it would be translated by the server database into the corresponding IP number. Links began to be created between the ARPANET and the Usenet as a result of which the number of sites on the Usenet grew. New T1 lines were laid by NSF (National Science Foundation). The Usenet took an unexpected explosion, from 2 articles per day posted on 3 sites in 1979, to 1800 articles per day posted at 11000 sites by 1988. By 1990, the T3 lines (45 Kbps capacity) replaced the T1 lines and the NSFNET formed the new backbone replacing the ARPANET. The beginning of 1992 marked the establishment of a chartered Internet Society and the development of the World Wide Web. The first graphical user interface, named ââ¬ËMosaic for X,ââ¬â¢ was developed on the World Wide Web. By 1994, the Commercialization of the Internet emerged in the form of the first ATM (Asynchronous Transmission Mode) was installed on the NSFNET. The free access of the NSFNET was blocked and fee was imposed on domains. This describes the series of events that shaped the history for the past two decades, ever since Internet came into existence. The Internet technology is continuously changing to accommodate the needs of yet another generation of underlying network technology. Hoping that the process of evolution will manage itself, we look forward to a new paradigm of Internet Services. joshuawright1476http://www.blogger.com/profile/06931874209968947098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-249196977550754610.post-50749440974554492002020-01-08T06:13:00.001-08:002020-01-08T06:13:03.467-08:00The Different Development of the New England, Southern,... The Different Development of the New England, Southern, and Middle Colonies America was a place for dreams and new beginnings, until white people arrived in 1607. Three groups sailed over the treacherous Atlantic from their cruel lives in England to set up peaceful religious colonies. The only problem is that they attempted to settle in their own way and all failed dismally. The New England, Middle and Southern Colonies grew differently over the period 1619-1760.Examining the three sets of colonies will prove that they were all different: socially, economically, politically but not philosophically. Socially the three groups of colonies developed differently. The New England Colonies life was dominated by the Puritan religion.â⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦The three colonies all wanted to make money but they had to go about it in different ways. This was mainly due to what they had available. The New England Colonies were mainly agricultural farmers. With all the water reservoirs like Cape Cod there were plenty of fish so lots of people became fishermen. There were a lot of lumberjacks to cut down trees and export them to England. The Middle Colonies were extremely different because they set up extensive cosmopolitan cities reminiscent of New York. They had many specialists like doctors, lawyers, accountants, and teachers. They traded a lot with in North America and occasionally overseas. The Southern Colonies primarily depended on cotton and tobacco plantations. As the plantations grew they had to employ black slaves. The plantations were fully self contained with their own bla cksmith, teachers and professionals. So there were no big cities or towns. The main plantations traded directly with Europe via the Mississippi. The three colonies all made money differently with their diverse professions and traders. The three colonies all had comparable similarities, as they were all democratic. But they ran their democratic government differently. For instance the New England Colonies was a Theocracy, which meant that the church controlled the government. The Middle Colonies had their church and government separate. The Southern Colonies were the most inequitable as they were an Oligarchy. This meantShow MoreRelatedSouthern Colonies vs New England Colonies713 Words à |à 3 Pagessome similarities between colonies. During the colonial time period from about the 1600ââ¬â¢s through the 1700ââ¬â¢s, the thirteen original colonies were founded and divided among three major sections known as the New England colonies, the Middle colonies, and the Southern colonies. The New England colonies consisted of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Hampshire. The Middle colonies contained New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware. The Southern colonies included Virginia, MarylandR ead MoreThe British North American Colonies857 Words à |à 4 Pagesdawn of the 17th Century, England was in a suitable position to colonize North America. England had finally reached peace with Spain, and England had many workers willing to travel to America for a chance at religious freedom, affluence, and exploration. Aided by the funding of the Virginia Company, roughly one hundred English settlers landed on the North American shore in 1607, at a place they would name Jamestown. In the ensuing decades, more people traveled to this new land, and they expanded theirRead MoreEssay about Effect of Geography on English Colonies in America1217 Words à |à 5 PagesA.P US History The Effect Of Geography On English Colonies The New England, Middle and Southern colonies were all English ruled, but yet very different. Among their distinctions, was the geography which played an important role in shaping these colonies. New England attracted Puritan farmers who wanted to separate from the Catholic Church. But because of the bone dry soil in the North, these colonists found they couldnt continue with their traditional ways of farming. However, with theRead MoreNew England and Southern Colonies Essay example727 Words à |à 3 PagesBoth the New England colonies and the Southern colonies seemed as though they might be the same. They both started out with the majority of people being from England, they were both in the New World, and they were both ruled by England but, as time went on this theory was proven wrong. The New England colonies and the Southern colonies had many common characteristics but these two regions were very different geographically, politically, and socially. Geographically the New England colonies wereRead MoreAPUSH Essay 1 British North America Religous Tolerance896 Words à |à 4 Pagesï » ¿Evaluate the extent to which religious toleration in the British North American colonies maintained continuity as well as fostered changed from 1607-1700. Prior to the founding of the Massachusetts Bay colony in 1630 religion had not played a large part in the politics and development of the British North American colonies. The first settlers who established Jamestown in 1607 were looking for riches similar to those found by the Spanish in Central America. After finding no treasure and on the brinkRead MoreThe Colonies by 1763-a New Society?1674 Words à |à 7 PagesThe Colonies by 1763-A New Society? Between the settlement at Jamestown in 1607 and the Treaty of Paris in 1763, the most important change that occurred in the colonies was the extension of British ideals far beyond the practice in England itself. The thirteen colonies throughout time all established themselves and soon developed their own identities. Colonies in different areas were known for different things and no one colony was like the other. These people began to see them selves as CaroliniansRead MoreOut of Many Ch.3 Dbq Questions. Essay756 Words à |à 4 PagesCh.3 dbqââ¬â¢s DOCUMENT A: * How would tens of thousands of settlers immigrating to New England with this image of their own purpose shape the development of that colony? * Winthrop wants them to be a city in which everyone can copy, and look up to. They want to be a city upon a hill, literally where they can control everyone around them. They want to be a prosperous yet very close minded estate with no religious tolerance. * What kinds of settlers arrived in Massachusetts Bay, PlymouthRead MoreThe Differences Between The Colonies And The Middle Colonies1738 Words à |à 7 Pagescolonial regions. The New England colonies being colonized mainly for religion while the Middle colonies found wealth through industry, whereas the Southern colonies sought more trade and wealth opportunities through colonization. Economically, the New England colonies did not have trade as their primary focused, but still were involved in the processes of fishing, lumbering, and trapping, the Middle colonies found their wealth in lumbering and shipbuilding; the Southern colonies sought to grow andRead MoreThe Reformation Of The England979 Words à |à 4 Pagesriches. England was suffering internally as a country. England longed for the riches and power that Spain and France had. England found a way to become number one in the hierarchy of the countries and began voyages in search of new land. Once England came upon the new land, they realized useful resources such as lumber, spices and other goods were in abundance. Settlements began to surface, creating several colonies that were categorized as northern, middle, and southern colonies. The colonies wereRead MoreIssues Of Early American Settlement Essay1157 Words à |à 5 PagesIn the early settlement of America, disease and forced labor played a significant role. In the Spanish colonies from Florida and Southward, smallpox took an enormous toll on the conquerors and the native peoples. The so-called ââ¬Å"black legendâ⬠regarding the Spanish and Portuguese was actually somewhat true, but also somewhat misleading. The concept held that ââ¬Å"the conquerors merely butchered or tortured the Indians (ââ¬Ëkilling for Christââ¬â¢), stole their gold, infected them with smallpox, and left little joshuawright1476http://www.blogger.com/profile/06931874209968947098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-249196977550754610.post-66396416776489284182019-12-31T02:39:00.001-08:002019-12-31T02:39:04.434-08:00The Advantageous Of Petrodollar And Islamic Finance... 3.7. The advantageous of Petrodollar to Islamic Finance Petrodollar flows have been among the major factors supporting the growth of the Islamic finance industry ever since the 1960s GIFF (2010). The rising petrodollar flows in global markets imply continued and increasing petrodollar investments in the Islamic finance sector. This has led to a surge of interest in the Islamic Finance sector, with more and more countries positioning themselves as strategic locations to tap into part of this abundant pool of funds. For instance, a number of countries worldwide have announced their plans to issue Sukuk (Islamic bonds) and thus meet their financing needs by attracting high net worth investors (HNWIs) and wealth from the Middle East region. HNWIs are particularly on the look-out for efficient and secure jurisdictions for investing their funds, more so in the context of the present economic downturn . Operating in a facilitative business environment and reducing cost of operations are deemed instrumental factors for market players. Accordingl y, a number of jurisdictions have actively encouraged the development of their Islamic capital markets as a key strategy for attracting both HNWIs and Islamic finance businesses . In particular, it has been observed that jurisdictions from across the world are developing their Islamic capital markets by utilising the efficiency provided by Offshore Financial Centres (OFCs) to structure Shariââ¬â¢ah compliant products which adhere to the joshuawright1476http://www.blogger.com/profile/06931874209968947098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-249196977550754610.post-78939167540904330402019-12-22T22:25:00.001-08:002019-12-22T22:25:08.998-08:00Understanding Existentialism Essay - 864 Words Do we matter? Do we seek personal happiness in life? These are questions from existentialism. The dictionary defines existentialism as an individualââ¬â¢s experience filled with isolation in a hostile universe where a human being attempts to find true self and the meaning of life through free will, choice, and personal responsibility. Hamlet is an existentialist character who believes that he is forced to avenge his fatherââ¬â¢s death and the hatred builds in his heart because of the many betrayals which direct him towards a senseless life and constant thoughts about suicide; this ultimately leads to his demise and he is left with naught. The narrator from ââ¬Å"Things that Flyâ⬠has obviously gone through some sort of abandonment which has affected himâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Moreover, Ophelia his ex-lover is set up by her father, Polonius and King Claudius to discover Hamletââ¬â¢s reason for insanity;a she meets with him and Hamlet immediately discovers that sh e betrays him by lying about her fatherââ¬â¢s location. All the obstacles express his disappointment in life and they make him believe that life is really senseless and there is no way out while his attempts to finish Claudius remain a failure. Protagonist of ââ¬Å"Things that Flyâ⬠has also gone through an calamitous event, where some significant person has abandoned him which ends up resulting in him ââ¬Å"thinking of all the bad things [he] had done to other people in the worldâ⬠and this also worries his parents that ââ¬Å"[he] might go to pieces at any moment.â⬠This exemplifies the extent of his melancholic behaviour he feels takes responsibility for all the mistakes he makes in life and realizes that he has no purpose in life. Like Hamlet is betrayed by the ones closest to him, narrator is also Both characters are able to not able to act freely and responsibly while being isolated in the world that they cannot control. Hamlet: He wants to be free from the worldly sorrows; he sees no point in human life and questions his existence. He wishes to commit suicide but his religious views stop him from ending his life; however in this life he has been forced to avenge for his fatherââ¬â¢s death. [not able to control the people betraying him and Hamlet has theShow MoreRelatedExistentialism : Existentialism And Existentialism994 Words à |à 4 Pageshis choicesâ⬠(Sartre, n.d.). When discussing existentialism, the man responsible for this quote is always attached to the conversation. As the man who is often remembered for bringing the most amount of international attention to the theory of existentialism, Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre deserves to have his theories and ideals discussed and respected whenever possible. Firstly, what exactly is existentialism? The textbook defines existentialism as ââ¬Å"a philosophical movement or tendency, emphasizingRead MoreSartre s Idea Of The Self983 Words à |à 4 Pagesor God. Sartreââ¬â¢s idea of Existentialism introduces a new way of thinking in terms of how we become a self. This paper will argue for Sartreââ¬â¢s idea of Existentialism by addressing the way in which it provides a concept of the self that has not been predetermined. Jean-Paul Sartre was considered one of the foremost thinkers in the world of existentialism. He firmly represented the idea of atheistic existentialism, and further described the broader term of existentialism as ââ¬Å"existence precedes essenceâ⬠Read MoreExistentialist Theory: Its Features, Advantages and Disadvantages784 Words à |à 3 PagesExistentialist Theory, Its Features, Advantages and Disadvantages For introduction purposes, Existentialism is the philosophical theory that holds that in order to grasp human existence, then further set of categories governed by the norm of authenticity are necessary (Steven Crowell, 2010). Existentialism is a philosophy which stresses on human existence as opposed to the movements that submerge mans existence. Normally, if emphasis of distinction is placed upon mans existence then the questionRead MoreExistentialism And The Existentialist Ideas Behind Existentialism1186 Words à |à 5 PagesIntroduction Existentialism is a theory of philosophy that stepped away from ideas that there is any single unifying reality or reason to existence and that we should approach philosophy from a perspective of what we can perceive to be true, not what we think is true without being able to perceive it. In that mind set, it tries to examine what a personââ¬â¢s perception of reality can be, their place is in that reality, how they approach their own existence given that information, and how, based on thoseRead More The Rise and Fall of Existentialism1287 Words à |à 6 PagesThe Rise and Fall of Existentialism à à à Existential literature often focuses on the personal journey towards existential awareness. Common themes in existential works, such as alienation and confrontation with death, often lead the anti-hero towards a climactic choice that defines whether they have reached true understanding. The themes within existential literature are reflected from the world at large, and the works themselves are a metaphor for a grander shift in Western philosophy. Read MoreExistentialism And The Beliefs Of The Movement1454 Words à |à 6 PagesPalahniuk that is a good summary of existentialism and the beliefs of the movement. Existentialism was a turning point for society and literature that advocated the expansion of the minds of authors and their readers so we could improve our thinking to be more enlightened and free. The movement sparked much alternative thinking to allow our society to grow into what it is today and without it people would most likely be more close minded and less free. Existentialism was a very influential movement withRead More Hopeless and Absurd - Existentialism and Buddhism Essay1536 Words à |à 7 PagesHopeless and Absurd - Existentialism and Buddhism Perhaps the most telling symptom of existentialist philosophers is their ever-divergent theories on the fundamental characteristics of human life and their steadfast refusal to assign an explicit meaning or reason to our existence at all. Contrary to criticism which therefore labels the movement cynically nihilistic, existentialism justifies life with reasoning similar to that of Zen Buddhism. Specifically, the notions of hopelessness and absurdityRead MoreNo Exit By Jean Paul Sartre1342 Words à |à 6 Pagesand true natures, exposing each other in a raw truth. In many of his works, Sartre attempts to get important messages across that coincide with his philosophies. A piece that is easy to use to compare with the play is the essay The Humanism in Existentialism, as everything written in it are his own thoughts and commentary on life, how it should be lived, humanity, and how humans relate to each other and the world around them. That being said, he purposely writes No Exit in a way that blatantly disregardsRead More Finding an Existential Ethic Essay1570 Words à |à 7 Pagesargues in her book Existentialist Ethics, It seems that to be attracted by Existentialism is to be attracted by a mood. When it comes to serious thought, one may find . . . that it is necessary to cast off the mood and start again (57). The focus of the existentialist is on the individual, existing being. By nature, the subject of existentialism appears incommunicable. It demands that each individual come to an understanding of the inwardness of self independently. This inwardness is not a state whichRead MoreSartre s Views On The Moral Choices895 Words à |à 4 PagesJean-Paul Sartre is a French philosopher who makes his claims based on a combination of two philosophical traditions ââ¬â existentialism and phenomenology. Sartre himself is an atheistic existentialist. He summarizes his claims regarding existentialism with three words ââ¬â anguish, abandonment, and despair (25). I n this paper, I will talk about Sartreââ¬â¢s definition of existentialism, its relation to essence, Sartreââ¬â¢s views on the moral choices and how they relate to art. Sartre makes the claim that all joshuawright1476http://www.blogger.com/profile/06931874209968947098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-249196977550754610.post-30543943960016559592019-12-14T18:55:00.001-08:002019-12-14T18:55:02.612-08:00The Forest Free Essays Forests are precious national resource whim not only play significant role in national condor but help in pollution control and maintaining logical balance. These offer a number of direct indirect advantages which have been realised sin time immemorial. Direct Advantages 1. We will write a custom essay sample on The Forest or any similar topic only for you Order Now Forests provide valuable timber for dome tic and commercial use. Industries like paper, matt making, plywood, sports goods, lakh and furniture at directly based on raw materials derived from forest 2. Forests supply a number of minor produce which are utilised in different industries and domes* tic uses. These include lakh, gum and resins, tannin material, medicines, herbs, honey, spices, etc. 3. Forests offer employment to about 4 milà lion people to earn their livelihood in forest based occupations, i. e. , lumbering, sawing, furniture makà ing, forest produce collecting, etc. 4. Auction of forests for commercial use fetches annual income to state exchequer. 5. Export of forest products earns valuable foreign exchange to the country. 6. Grazing of cattle in the forests helps in dairy farming and cattle rising. 7. Forests are the natural habitat for wild life and birds which attract tourists, holiday makers and hunters. These may be developed as very good picnic or tourist centers in the form of wild life sanctuaries and national parks which have good employment and income generating potential. Indirect Advantages 1. Forests are the moderators of climate. These have effective role in controlling humidity and temà perature and precipitation. 2. Forests play dominant role in carbon cycle. These absorb atmospheric carbon-di-oxide and help in maintaining the purity of air and controlling atmospheric pollution. 3. Forests help in controlling soil erosion, soil degradation and floods. That is why these are very helpful in land reclamation and flood control. 4. Forests help in water percolation and thereby maintain underground water table. 5. Decay of plant leaves provides humus to the soils and increases their fertility. 6. Indian forests are rich in wild life housing about 500 species of animals. 7. Forests help in maintaining natural scenic beauty which every year attract a number of tourists and nature lovers. 8. Forests provide natural habitat to a number of primitive tribes which are part of our rich cultural heritage. Their mode of living, economy and culà tural traits are based on forest environment. 9. Forests provide recluse to rashes, saints and hermits who have enriched our religious and cultural thoughts. Mere a visit of such quiet serene environment relieves physical and mental strains and refurbishes new vitality and vigor. How to cite The Forest, Papers joshuawright1476http://www.blogger.com/profile/06931874209968947098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-249196977550754610.post-21734364789367365312019-12-06T15:18:00.001-08:002019-12-06T15:18:04.832-08:00Literature Review Cloud Computing Question: Discuss about theLiterature Reviewfor Cloud Computing. Answer: Introduction Cloud computing is the mechanism which can be adopted by the business organizations for many of the purposes such as delivery of computing servicesservers, storing of databases, networking, software and systems which can be used by the entities in a number of operations, analytics and more over the Internet. The business organizations or the institutions who provides these kinds of computing services are (azure.microsoft. 2017) known as cloud providers and these institutions charge for the services they provide and these charges or the fees are based on the usage of the systems and the mechanisms. Important Variables According to Helpdesk LLC (2017) the small and large business corporations have been waiting for the cloud computing systems from the last few years. The most of the business organizations face the confusion and have a doubt regarding for making use of this system. The below mentioned literature review has been presented by the Help-desk LLC for defining the system and also determination of the same system will be done (Reilly, Wren and Berry, 2011). First a description has been given about Cloud computing is the same concept as it was earlier just the change and modification has been done in the name of the concept. This concept has been used by many of the business corporations and institutions from many years. There are a number of small business enterprises which are found to be using these mechanism and which are found with a server which is connected with a number of computers and these desktops are networked to server. And the second system which is used is known as hardware l ayer and which is also typically referred to as "the network," or "the information systems." And the cloud computing has decreased the need of networking in the offices at a greater extent. There are numerous of benefits of making use of this system or mechanism and from them one is that cloud computing will benefit the network and as it can be suddenly accessible from anywhere and anyone one can have access to the Internet and by which the company will be in running condition all time all the operational activities will be in a continuous form. And the biggest benefit of this system is that it can be accessed from whatever device or mechanism used from any to have with you i.e. laptop, iPad, mobile phone, etc. A comparable reference point would be Google Docs (Pocatilu, Alecu and Vetrici, 2010). The following is one of the example of a common use of cloud computing is while submitting of your documents to Google Docs for others to access via the Internet. For the initial level the most suitable example which is suitable for this system is of average small business person. As the business is small scale business the owner wont be having big amount for investing and building up an in-house network and also the entire business operations should b the entire business operation can be up and run-up and running within short period of time and this could be made happen by making use of the approach of cloud computing. The expenses are basically pay-as-you-go means as per the use and are also based on the amount of storage space and computing power that you use (Antonopoulos and Gillam, 2010). The below mentioned are the advantages and drawbacks of cloud computing: Low Cost Emergence of the mechanism of cloud computing in the market has been considered as the a low-cost or minimum expense incurring tool for the business. Corporations. And also business organizations are not required to make huge investments and heavy expenses on the establishment and setting up of this mechanism, as no hardware, equipment and infrastructure establishment is required. The companies wont be requiring incurring the expenses for installing the desktops, laptops or some type of device to access the Internet and utilize your data. And the investment in the implementation and maintaining the private and the companys own in-house networking is very minimum or low (searchcloudcomputing.techtarget. 2017). It is a very vital and significant concept for many small scale business corporations. The expenses incurred in the maintenance of an in-house network are enormous and it has also been observed that they are increasing every day. With an in-house network, there are oth er related costs and expenses which are incurred and are required to be paid by for the installation of the software and hardware upgrades and also the maintenance and providing training on the related topics to the employees. The above mentioned responsibilities and the duties are to be fulfilled by the service providers of the cloud systems and also the costs and the expenses are to be incurred by them only. The best way to develop an understanding which is related to the concept of expenses computing services is to think in context of renting vs. owning. The service providers of the cloud computing services should have a storage of all the required resources and which are to be utilized by the business client for a monthly or annual fee which has been charged by the service provider at the begining. And this concept has been referred as similar and which is also common to as the Software-as-a-Service (or SaaS) model. In this concept the company is required to pay for the use of t he service which can also be said as you pay as you go. A sense of more predictability in budgeting for these costs and expenses is provided to the owner of the model. Flexibility -- With the use of the mechanism of cloud computing in the business organization, as mentioned above the company need to pay only for what the company use the services, the business corporation are provided with a limited flexibility in the use of the system and the service for which they have already paid an amount. For instance if a person has small amount of investments for starting up a small business and in this case the owners can make use of small computing packages and can also increase the use of the computing services as the business activities and the operations keeps on growing. After a particular growth in the business the owners can opt for a bigger package of computing services (Velte and et al, 2010). The setting-up, implementation and bring into operation are some of the functionalities and these are done with a good speed. There are some service providers who have set-up at an automatic scale for the essential and required resource for the business corpo ration. Necessary changes and modifications can be done in the infrastructure as per the requirements of the organization. These modifications can be into making the network private network, public, or a combination of both (Sosinsky, 2010). Simple, Fast, Easy The biggest advantage of cloud computing is that it's is of very much easy to operate. By making use of the system of cloud computing can streamline many parts within the organizational structure of the entity (Griffith. 2016). It will be proven beneficial for the business entities when they start making use of these systems and step into the systems and this will also make the business to run more smoothly with a great potential and also improves the efficiency of the firm and also when the firm is a web-based corporation applications that are available in the cloud (Rittinghouse and Ransome, 2016). Everything from prospect management applications to customer billing and invoicing can be moved out of the store of the company and gets shifted to the into the cloud system. This gives will enhance the ability to focus on what the company do best in business and excel and grow the strengths while someone else handles the administrative functions (Sotto, Treacy and Mc Lellan, 2010). Accessibility -- Regardless of where the company stands or is operating in the world, it will have access on the operations which are based on cloud computing mechanism. There will be only some sought of complicated remote login procedures and which are required for the in-house network. In this process the only thing or the tool required is a device that can access the web and an Internet connection which will be controlling the systems (bigdata-madesimple. 2017). This means the employees or the staff in the organization can have access anywhere and at any-time, from home, office or on the road at a client's office. Sustainability There are a number of issues which can be faced by the business such as a natural disaster which can strike the business at any time,. But now there is solution to the problem which is cloud computing capability which resides somewhere else. Obviously, this is can also be considered as a disadvantage if the disaster hits the service provider (Chaczko and et al, 2011). Security of Your Data -- This has been considered as the prime or the main concern which is related to cloud computing systems which are being used within the business organizations. In a very basic sense, the data or the confidential information that used to reside within the four walls of the business corporation now resides elsewhere. Addressing the security of the data must be done on priority basis and also the security of that data must be addressed and shit should be considered as a significant point and this is required to be done with care as the data stored in the cloud systems contains trade secrets of a number of business organizations, proprietary lists, files of the consumers and their records etc. As per the researches and survey carried about 69% of cloud providers said that data security was the responsibility of the end-user (Antonopoulos and Gillam, 2010). And on the basis of another survey it was also concluded that by contrast an approx. estimate number of only 3 5% of the end-users agreed that they should be held responsible. And it has been clearly mentioned that there is a sense of disparity between cloud providers and cloud users about who is responsible for data security. The companies who are making use of the cloud computing system should have a clear idea and estimate that their data is vulnerable to compromise and is exposed to risk. Author has also mentioned that knowing about the risks and dangers and also having an idea about the proper measures and precautions which are required to be taken right from the start has been considered as an important step for the business organization (Vishwanathan, P, 2017). Whereas there are a number of small business organizations who do not have the resources to adequately protect their data even when it is in-house and for these small companies a reasonably priced off-site solution may be right for certain applications (levelcloud. 2017). The key or the solution to this problem is consulting or asking to the right questions of the provider and getting good advice. Costs When Under Attack As mentioned above the mechanism of cloud computing has been considered as a low cost mechanism or tool and some time it also provides some sought of additional benefits. But it can also actually cost more money or can be a reason in incurring a number of additional expenses. For instance, if a company's website comes under a distributed denial of service (D-DOS) attack (stratospherenetworks . 2017). The reason behind this attack is that the typical goal of a D-DOS attack is to gobble up resources and which is done for rendering the server incapacitated (Sridhar, 2009). If the cloud computing provider has no protections in place against DDoS attacks, when the site is attacked, then service provider will have to simply begin to increase the resources that the site requires (due to the attack) and bill for the resources provided and which naturally will bring an increase in the expenses. It is of very much significance for the business corporation to ask the pr ovider what kind of provisions they have to protect against this type of attack. Performance Can Vary -- In a cloud environment, the applications which are running on servers for the business organizations are also simultaneously providing resources to other businesses too. With the fluctuations in the requirements and the demands made by the other users, there will be impacts on the performance of the business organization and the share of the resources will be also on a varying note. Often, the service providers may claim that the resources available with the business entities are unlimited. This may be theoretically true, but from a practical point of view the hardware scalability is probably limited. Methods of Analysis There are number of methods which have been adopted for carrying out the research of the above presented literature review. Mainly the books have been made in use for getting a deep understanding about the advantages and disadvantages of the cloud computing mechanism. Also the articles have been used for get a clear idea about the concept. Gaps in Literature Review In the above carried out research the main focus has been provided on the concept of cloud computing and also the advantages and disadvantages of the system. Mainly the focus of the research is on the benefits attained by the cloud computing system and which develops the gap in literature review as some of the important issues or disadvantages has been ignored. Such as reliability of the organizations on the system is too much and is increasing day by day and which is a big issue as in case if the system crashes or is hacked then the corporation can be in a big problem. As all the confidential data is stored within the system. Also there is very limited control over the whole system of cloud computing. The more control is of the service provider and which can be sometimes quite dangerous for the customer as many of the details can be exposed to the service provider. Conclusion From the above carried out research it has been concluded that the concept of cloud computing has to be considered as a new concept in terms of maturity and adoption. And also there are some expectations and estimations made regarding the changes under which the business corporations will undergo in the future, in terms of resources, issues, risks, and ultimately best practices and standards. Moreover there are a number of benefits and advantages which have been provided by the system and have also been undergone in providing potentially values for institutions of higher education and other business organizations. On-demand services can resonate positively with the current university tight budgets across the nation and other parts of the world. A number of benefits of the transition to cloud computing have been mentioned out in this above carried out analysis along with concerns regarding the general implementation of this application. References Reilly, D., Wren, C. and Berry, T., 2011. Cloud computing: Pros and cons for computer forensic investigations.International Journal Multimedia and Image Processing (IJMIP),1(1), pp.26-34. Pocatilu, P., Alecu, F. and Vetrici, M., 2010. Measuring the efficiency of cloud computing for e-learning systems.WSEAS Transactions on Computers,9(1), pp.42-51. Antonopoulos, N. and Gillam, L. eds., 2010.Cloud computing: Principles, systems and applications. Springer Science Business Media. The helpdesk LLC. 2011.The Pros Cons of Cloud Computing. available at:https://www.thehelpdeskllc.com/pdf/what-is-cloud-computing.pdf[Accessed on24 April 2017] Amazon, (2009). Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud. Retrieved from https://aws.amazon.com/ec2/, on August 28, 2009. Amazon, (2009). Amazon Elastic ComputeCloud. Retrieved fromhttps://aws.amazon.com/ec2/, on August 28, 2009. Amazon, (2009). Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud. Retrieved from https://aws.amazon.com/ec2/, on August 28, 2009. Amazon, (2009). Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud. Retrieved from https://aws.amazon.com/ec2/, on August 28, 2009. Cloud Computing and its Security in Higher Education (PDF Download Available). Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255618308_Cloud_Computing_and_its_Security_in_Higher_Education [accessed Apr 24, 2017]. Velte, A.T., Velte, T.J., Elsenpeter, R.C. and Elsenpeter, R.C., 2010.Cloud computing: a practical approach(pp. 1-55). New York: McGraw-Hill. Sosinsky, B., 2010.Cloud computing bible(Vol. 762). John Wiley Sons. Rittinghouse, J.W. and Ransome, J.F., 2016.Cloud computing: implementation, management, and security. CRC press. Sotto, L.J., Treacy, B.C. and McLellan, M.L., 2010. Privacy and Data Security Risks in Cloud Computing.World Communications Regulation Report,5(2), p.38. Chaczko, Z., Mahadevan, V., Aslanzadeh, S. and Mcdermid, C., 2011, September. Availability and load balancing in cloud computing. InInternational Conference on Computer and Software Modeling, Singapore(Vol. 14). Antonopoulos, N. and Gillam, L. eds., 2010.Cloud computing: Principles, systems and applications. Springer Science Business Media. oss, V.W., 2010.Factors influencing the adoption of cloud computing by decision making managers. Capella University. azure.microsoft, 2017, What is cloud computing, Assessed on 35th April 2017, https://azure.microsoft.com/en-in/overview/what-is-cloud-computing/. searchcloudcomputing.techtarget, 2017, Cloud computing, Assessed on 35th April 2017, https://searchcloudcomputing.techtarget.com/definition/cloud-computing. Griffith, E, 2016, what is cloud computing, Assessed on 25th April 2017, https://in.pcmag.com/networking-communications-software/38970/feature/what-is-cloud-computing. bigdata-madesimple, 2017, 5 advantages and disadvantages of cloud storage, Assessed on 25th April 2017, https://bigdata-madesimple.com/5-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-cloud-storage, levelcloud, 2017, Advantages and disdvantages of cloud computing, Assessed on 25th April 2017, https://www.levelcloud.net/why-levelcloud/cloud-education-center/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-cloud-computing. Vishwanathan, P, 2017, Cloud computing and is it really all that beneficial, Assessed on 25th April 2017, https://www.lifewire.com/cloud-computing-explained-2373125. stratospherenetworks , 2017, Advantages and disadvantages of cloud computing, Assessed on 25th April 2017, https://www.stratospherenetworks.com/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-cloud.html. joshuawright1476http://www.blogger.com/profile/06931874209968947098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-249196977550754610.post-23061854232598065572019-11-29T04:20:00.001-08:002019-11-29T04:20:02.387-08:00Fiscal Policy Definition The macroeconomic policy is usually seen as having two components namely the fiscal policy and the monetary policy. Fiscal policy portrays the process of government funding, and the activities that are funded, including compiling a government budget.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Fiscal Policy Definition specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In order to uphold fiscal policy, the population as well as the individuals who purchase government debt instruments need to see it as predictable and capable of continuing with its debt payments. When government revenue sources are able to accommodate its expenses in terms of government programs, then the fiscal policy is observed to be prudent. The rationality of a fiscal policy is also observed when the government informs the population of its budget and the concept behind coming up with that kind of a budget, which is a regular process due to the auditing of government finan cial statements. The association between fiscal policy and monetary policy is that a nationââ¬â¢s currency would lose its value if its fiscal policy was observed to be unsustainable (Barro and Redlick 2009). According to Keynesian economists, unemployment can be easily managed by governments using fiscal policy, in that it can increase the demand in the economy. Employment is observed to be a product of the demand created in the economy due to private economic activity. When this does not create adequate opportunities, fiscal policy can increase the demand by stimulating economic activity, leading to increases employment opportunities. According to Keynes, fiscal policy is a strategy used to involve the government in dynamic organization of the economy. Keynes observed the need for the government to take an active role due to the prolonged cases of unemployment during the Great Depression. This respected economist came up with the idea that the government should create job opport unities without having to rely on the private sector (Keynes 2010). An active fiscal policy helps to stimulate an upward cycle of economic activity. This is made possible by the governmentââ¬â¢s use of taxing and spending policy. Ideally, the private sector invests in productive assets in order to maximize its output, which leads to a higher demand for labour, therefore creating employment. The stimulus generated from active fiscal policy is referred to as fiscal stimulus. Through fiscal stimulus, the government spends more, which results in higher income for private individuals. As a result, these individuals spend more through consumption, which increases the demand for commodities.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Higher demand for commodities implies the need for increased supply, which is possible by the increased company output. In order for companies to increase the ir output, they need to hire more people, who then begin spending based on their income. This generates a cycle, due to increased demand for commodities imposed by the new spenders, which translate to more output, and more labourers. This is the upward cycle of economic activity, referred to as demand management (Ilzetzki 2010). Fiscal stimulus is made possible through deficit spending. This is because the government expenditure is higher than its revenue. Government fiscal policies are based on the methods used by governments to formulate fiscal stimulus based on deficit spending, which creates government programs. According to Ilzetzki, there are several methods of creating deficit spending (Ilzetzki, Mendoza and Và ©gh 2010). ââ¬Å"Increased government spending with taxes remaining unchanged, reduced taxes with unchanged government spending, and the combination of reduced taxes and increased government spending.â⬠The first instance of deficit spending was observed in 1938 , when the federal government budget increased by about 6% from the previous year (Ilzetzki, Mendoza and Và ©gh 2010). The fiscal stimulus is meant to produce a temporary improvement in economic activity that leads to commencement of the upward cycle. Deficit spending is observed to work in theory but not practically. The fiscal stimulus has been observed to increase government spending, which in turn creates employment, but the spending does not decrease once its purpose is attained. This is because the extra spending by the government is used to start programs for particular groups, and the government cannot withdraw from such programs, or reduce its funding. Economists have observed that the private sector is in a better place to create long term productivity. This is because unlike the government, the private sector operates on a profit incentive. Deficit spending is observed to be increase the government debt, and this demands the resources in the community to be redirected fr om the private sector in order to pay the debt (Fatà ¡s and Mihov 2001).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Fiscal Policy Definition specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The ââ¬ËGolden Ruleââ¬â¢ of fiscal policy was adopted by the Labour Party when Gordon Brown was Chancellor. This rule states that: ââ¬Å"The government should borrow to invest only for future needs, over the full economic cycle. The tax revenues should be used to meet current needs in order to allow for stable finances as defined by ratios of public sector net worth, debt and current expenditure to national income (Ilzetzki 2010).â⬠At the same time, the UK government intended to abide to the sustainable investment rule. This was aimed at maintaining the national debt at a rational level. In the year 2008 the public debt had risen from 40$ to 42% of GDP, and was expected to increase to 70% by 2010. The coordination between the UK monetary and fiscal policy was examined for the presence of any issues, resulting from the formation of the Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR). Creation of the OBR was advantageous in that it increased the confidence levels of the economic forecasts on which fiscal policy was based by not being affected by political expediency (Ilzetzki 2010). The possible effects of fiscal policy on the economy were the increased debt and deficits due to long-term interest rates, requiring consolidation for growth based on lower long-term interest rates and decreased demand due to contraction. A contraction was expected to cause depreciation in exchange rates, and an increase in external demand, but this effect would be decreased by the simultaneous reduction in demand by trading partners of the UK. Optimal design of the fiscal policy demanded that the taxes be stable to reduce costs on the private sector. It was also necessary that the government corrects the shocks to debt, in order to contain its mag nitude. The other factor influencing the optimal fiscal policy was the worry that he lack of action in reducing government debt would lead to reduced private investment. The policy also found it prudent to share the risk in various generations, whereby the effects of a war or crisis would not be imposed on a single generation (Barro and Redlick 2009).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Mundell-Flemming model illustrates an increase in exchange rates due to fiscal stimulus, in nations where the exchange rates are flexible. This is seen to balance the effect of the fiscal stimulus, as it leads to reduced exports and more imports. In order for the central banks to ensure stable exchange rates, they decrease the interest rates as a result of increased government consumption after a fiscal stimulus. Central banks aimed at increasing inflation tend to raise the interest rates in order to oppose the stress caused by inflation due to fiscal expansion. This counteracts the stimulative effect of fiscal policy, hence nullifying the fiscal stimulus. The effects of fiscal stimulus are dependent on the association between fiscal policy and monetary policy. The response of the Bank of England in evaluating the possible outcomes of the economy resulting from the stern measures implemented by the UK government is an example of this. The response of the bank would take an appro ach that is similar to that of most central banks if it contains the economic costs using loose monetary policy, though it is unlikely to react in such a manner due to the banks rates and unusual programme of purchase of assets (Barro and Redlick 2009). Delays have been observed in the implementation of public policy, in demand management using fiscal policy. The fiscal stimulus is most effectively implemented when the economy is performing poorly. From studies conducted on the processes of deficit spending, increased economic growth and employment has been followed by decreased economic growth and unemployment. This is because it is not easy to predict the best time to implement a fiscal stimulus, which is at the exact moment of the economic downturn. This is because the government requires time to compile a budget proposal that suggests the stimulus. The budget then has to be approved by the legislative body. The government then needs to spend, and wait for the effect to raise the demand, according to the economic cycle. These lags in public policy are problematic for the effective management of the economy, by the government, using fiscal policy (Fatà ¡s and Mihov 2001). It is possible for the government and the private sector to compete for the scarce economic resources simultaneously, when the government spends on one of its programs while the private sector increases its economic resources. This makes the fiscal stimulus spending counterproductive, and capable of making the situation worse, due to the usage of the scarce resources during the crisis. The budget cycles of all governments use fiscal policy, though its use as demand management raises issues that result in debate in economics (Fatà ¡s and Mihov 2001). Reference List Barro, Robert, J and Charles, J. Redlick, 2009. ââ¬Å"Macroeconomic eà ¤ects from government purchases and taxes.â⬠NBER Working Papers No. 15369. Fatà ¡s, Antonio and Ilian Mihov, 2001. ââ¬Å"The effects of fiscal poli cy on consumption and employment: Theory and evidence.â⬠CEPR Discussion Papers 2760. Ilzetzki, Ethan, 2010. Does Fiscal Policy Work? London: CentrePiece Autumn. Ilzetzki, Ethan, Enrique G. Mendoza and Carlos A. Và ©gh, 2010. ââ¬Å"How Big (Small?) are Fiscal Multipliers?â⬠NBER Working Paper No. 16479, pp 1-23. Keynes, John Maynard, 2010. The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, 1936. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing. This essay on Fiscal Policy Definition was written and submitted by user Jerry I. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. joshuawright1476http://www.blogger.com/profile/06931874209968947098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-249196977550754610.post-4916694698753892442019-11-25T11:54:00.001-08:002019-11-25T11:54:02.529-08:00How MS-DOS Put Microsoft on the MapHow MS-DOS Put Microsoft on the Map On August 12, 1981, IBM introduced its new revolution in a box, the Personal Computer complete with a brand new operating system from Microsoft, a 16-bit computer operating system called MS-DOS 1.0. What Is an Operating System? The operating system orOS is the foundation software of a computer and schedules tasks, allocates storage, and presents a default interface to the user between applications. The facilities an operating system provides and its general design exerts an extremely strong influence on the applications created for the computer. IBM and Microsoft's History In 1980, IBM first approached Bill Gates of Microsoft, to discuss the state of home computers and what Microsoft products could do for IBM. Gates gave IBM a few ideas on what would make a great home computer, among them to have Basic written into the ROM chip. Microsoft had already produced several versions of Basic for different computer system beginning with the Altair, so Gates was more than happy to write a version for IBM. Gary Kildall As for an operating system (OS) for an IBM computer, since Microsoft had never written an operating system before, Gates had suggested that IBM investigate an OS called CP/M (Control Program for Microcomputers), written by Gary Kildall of Digital Research. Kindall had his Ph.D. in computers and had written the most successful operating system of the time, selling over 600,000 copies of CP/M, his operating system set the standard at that time. The Secret Birth of MS-DOS IBM tried to contact Gary Kildall for a meeting, executives met with Mrs. Kildall who refused to sign a non-disclosure agreement. IBM soon returned to Bill Gates and gave Microsoft the contract to write a new operating system, one that would eventually wipe Gary Kildalls CP/M out of common use. The Microsoft Disk Operating System or MS-DOS was based on Microsofts purchase of QDOS, the Quick and Dirty Operating System written by Tim Paterson of Seattle Computer Products, for their prototype Intel 8086 based computer. However, ironically QDOS was based (or copied from as some historians feel) on Gary Kildalls CP/M. Tim Paterson had bought a CP/M manual and used it as the basis to write his operating system in six weeks. QDOS was different enough from CP/M to be considered legally a different product. IBM had deep enough pockets, in any case, to probably have won an infringement case if they had needed to protect their product. Microsoft bought the rights to QDOS for $50,000, keeping the IBM Microsoft deal a secret from Tim Paterson and his company, Seattle Computer Products. Deal of the Century Bill Gates then talked IBM into letting Microsoft retain the rights, to market MS-DOS separate from the IBM PC project, Gates and Microsoft proceeded to make a fortune from the licensing of MS-DOS. In 1981, Tim Paterson quit Seattle Computer Products and found employment at Microsoft. Life begins with a disk drive. - Tim Paterson joshuawright1476http://www.blogger.com/profile/06931874209968947098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-249196977550754610.post-6053922648454167512019-11-21T19:18:00.001-08:002019-11-21T19:18:02.702-08:00Research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 15Research Paper Example This is born out by the tremendous gains that Roman civilization made during his reign, even though much of it came on the heels of a dictatorial style of leadership (Barret, p. 608). This paper will demonstrate the historical relevancy of Julius Caesar, his accomplishments, and the lessons to be learned from ancient civilization and culture. Even from an early age, Caesar was extreme popular within Rome. In addition, he developed a political acumen that would serve him well for his entire career, and garner the support he needed to push Rome into a new era of modernity for the time. One of his primary contributions to the growth of the Roman Empire rests in his ability to expand the regions that Rome had influence over, in addition to establishing more of an imperial type of system. These concepts would serve as the model for territorial expansion throughout much of the world for much of the next millennium. It is important to note that Caesar was not always a person of privilege. While he was born into a family of aristocrats from Rome, history tells us that his family was of relatively minimal means. The father of Julius Caesar actually died when Caesar was only 16 years old, and he remained very close to his mother. As a result of his relatively poor upbringing, however, Cesar spent much of his youth in unstable surroundings. He would remark later in life that even Rome contributed his own sense of instability, as the country was truly is a relative state of constant disorder, even though it was already of enormous stature within the region. Roman had begun to discredit their own nobility, and they were not focused enough on territorial expansion to truly be able to deal with it enormous size and influence throughout the ancient world. In essence, this reveals a truth that we realize even today. The larger a country grows, the more organization and focus is required to drive future joshuawright1476http://www.blogger.com/profile/06931874209968947098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-249196977550754610.post-74678244544016008402019-11-20T16:37:00.001-08:002019-11-20T16:37:03.713-08:00Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1Reflection - Essay Example The people around us in the society play a big role in making us realize who we are and the potential that we carry, and ignite fire to conquer all odds of life in our spirits, and become what we want to be in life. This indicates how environment contributes in learning a language. This creates some emptiness and the hunger that can only be fulfilled through self satisfaction of success. This can be achieved when learners have the ability to connect their reading with their real life situations. I agree that learning a language does not take place automatically, but it can only be achieved through careful planning and design. It is a process that starts from home and continues to school. Therefore, indicates that instructors should not depend on the aspect of telling learners that it is time to reflect for them to grow and embrace this skill, but proper strategies and purposeful aims should be set to guide learners on this process (Welch 1999.) When instructors are designing teaching approaches, they should be able to identify the intended purpose and be able to realize how they will be achieved even before they manifest and happen. Such approaches will promote a smooth transition from oral to printed languages. There is a laid down procedure to enable learners develop their own learning that may be independent from those of their instructor (*). Positive environments enhance social interaction among learners who are able to share their ideas that see them acquiring more information from each other. This encourages group teaching, which promotes confidence and talking among peers. When learners share ideas it enables them to develop a deeper thinking more than learning on individual levels. (*) This confidence helps learners to develop a mastery content of the language. Students who have a good command of a language have the ability to express their opinions and feelings correctly. I agree that reading brings experiences stimulated by the author to the reader. However, the learner should get the meaning of the words he is reading. Discussion of pictures during reading activities enables the learner to understand what he is going to read. . After several trials, the mind will eventually come up with remedies that can be applied to handle the issue, which means the mind has broadened through challenges. Learning has become dynamic, and it calls for instructors to search deeper than they were doing in the past. They should develop ways that are relevant to the current curriculum system, and which have a communicable language that the audience can understand. This is because language is the medium of instruction that instructors depend on to pass information. Unit 2 Reflection Reading programs give meaning to an individual basing on his motives and intentions, but these intentions do not come from an individual alone since the leaner acquires some values when one interacts with others through relationships. This indicates that metacognitive a spects enable learners to grow socially through their sharing of ideas in groups that enhances cooperation among them. Therefore, some programs emphasize the power to influence and propagate relationships among learners, the community and the nation at large. However, it is my opinion that teachers should assess the value of any reading program before applying it. This suggests that instructors should show how they plan to joshuawright1476http://www.blogger.com/profile/06931874209968947098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-249196977550754610.post-12442189954983357502019-11-18T15:34:00.001-08:002019-11-18T15:34:02.801-08:00A Helpful Hybrid in Search of Integrity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 wordsA Helpful Hybrid in Search of Integrity - Essay Example Also, there is an abstract, a ââ¬Å"descriptive summary,â⬠at the beginning of this article that has an overall ââ¬Å"sober lookâ⬠ââ¬â characteristics that define a scholarly work (ibid., 2011). There is proper in-text referencing and also a comprehensive bibliography at the end of this article, which again is an indication that this is a scholarly resource (ibid., 2011). In the first page itself, there is a description about ââ¬Å"the affiliationsâ⬠of the author, which suggests that this article is written by a scholar ââ¬Å"who has done research in the field (ibid., 2011). The language of the article is also highly specific to the area of research, which demands certain level of background information from the reader so as to understand it properly. This is yet another indication of it being a scholarly resource. In the review of the previous literature section, this article has reported original past works in the field and has also carried out certain orig inal analysis of the topic. The article published by The Economist (2011) and titled ââ¬Å"Business: The View from the Top, And Bottom; Corporate Culture,â⬠is not a scholarly resource and the source it was published in can be described only as a ââ¬Å"substantive news and general interestâ⬠periodical as is classified by the Cornell University website (ibid., 2011). This article is classified so owing to many reasons, they being: 1) there is no abstract; 2) this article is not peer-reviewed; 3) it is not published by any academic publisher; 4) it has no proper referencing and citation; 5) it is not written by a scholar having done background studies on the topic; 6) it is not the outcome of any original research but is only quoting randomly from a recently done research study (ibid., 2011). There is not even an author to this article and it is evident that it is just a quick summary, in the form of news, of a research work carried out elsewhere. The language of this art icle is meant to address laymen rather than those who have some background information on the topic. The article titled ââ¬Å"A Toy Makerââ¬â¢s Conscienceâ⬠and authored by Jonathan Dee (2007) is not a scholarly resource either. It has been published in a ââ¬Å"substantive news and general interestâ⬠periodical such as New York Times (ibid., 2011). A journalist employed by the periodical has written the article and there is no information given on what past research experience on the topic the author has. The very format of this essay does not comply with research writing as there is no abstract given, and there is neither citation of past research work on the topic nor original experimentation or analysis carried out on the topic apart from some personal observations and comments. This article is not peer-reviewed (ââ¬Å"Evaluating Sources,â⬠2009). The language of the article is meant for light reading and there is nothing serious or scholarly about this artic le. The interview taken and included in this article does not follow the research interview format and the analysis and conclusions made form these interviews do not follow any research methodology. The photograph and advertisements included in the designing of the page in which the article is displayed also suggest that this is not a scholarly resource (ââ¬Å"Distinguishing Scholarly Journals from Other Periodicals,â⬠2011). The article entitled ââ¬Å"75 Years of Lessons Learned: Chief Executive Officer Values and Corporate Social Responsibilityâ⬠and authored by Carol-Ann Tetrault Sirsly (2009), which was published in the Journal of Management History, is a scholarly resource because it is peer-reviewed (ibid., 2011). The Journal of Management History, in which it is published, is a peer-reviewed journal and is listed joshuawright1476http://www.blogger.com/profile/06931874209968947098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-249196977550754610.post-22739594450726094312019-11-16T04:06:00.001-08:002019-11-16T04:06:12.457-08:00Complex Narrative Structure Of MementoComplex Narrative Structure Of Memento Due to the nature and complex narrative structure of Memento (Nolan 2000), one has to closely evaluate the succession of events before one could make the assumption that this film is a typical Hollywood mainstream motion picture. It is easy to assume that this film would in fact fit the criteria of the Hollywood mainstream motion picture, only upon looking at the cast and A-List director- Christopher Nolan- who one could assume would use his usual cinematic style to ensure the success of this film. The complex introduction to the film already creates the anxiety-driven need to finish watching the film, due to the unusualness of the opening scene that distinguishes Memento (Nolan 2000) from other classical Hollywood films. Jean Baudrillard: brief biography Jean Baudrillard, the French sociologist, cultural critic, and theorist of post modernity were born in Reims on the 27th of July, 1929. Even though his parents were civil servants and his grandparents were peasant farmers, Jean Baudrillard was the first University graduate from his family. He later went on to teach sociology at University and was named one of the most intellectual figures of his time. Throughout his childhood, he was exposed to the Algerian war of the 1950s and 60s, which had a significant influence on the way he thinks and perceives society (Jean Baudrillard-Biography [sa]). After becoming an assistant at Nanterre University of Paris in 1966, he was quickly connected with Roland Barthes and used Bartheses analysis of culture in his first book, namely The Object System (1968). When the students of Nanterre University revolted in 1968, Baudrillard joined in the action, and through inspiration, assisted with a distinctive journal of the time, Utopie. This journal was clearly influenced by situationism, structural Marxism and various media theories wherein he issued numerous theoretical articles about/on the environment of capitalist prosperity (affluence) and the evaluation of technology. Baudrillard then went on to teach at the European Graduate School (EGS) from the day that the school opened to the day of his death on the 6th of March, 2007 (Jean Baudrillard-Biography [sa]). Marxism and (post-) Marxism: Marxist film theory The Marxist approach to the study of films centres (focuses) on the continuous ways that cinema ideologically allow and even betrays the devises that diminishes the middle-class (bourgeois) view of society and the world. These devises (mechanisms) of ideology comprise both the social organisations (institutions), as well as the industrial knowledge that vigorously function to create (produce) the middle-class culture which society consume daily. Several precise illustrations of such social and industrial organisations are: (1) the way labour is divided to ensure revenue (capital); (2) hierarchy (social order and class-structure); (3) industrial transformation of revenue of production; and (4) replacing services (commodities). Each (and all) of the mentioned devices (mechanisms) have been incorporated into (and informed) the film trade since it originated. In the sphere of cinema and film, these mechanisms shape the influential culture-producing section of societal apparatuses that Ma rxist film theorists calls the cinematic apparatus (Netto 2000:[sp]). Jean Baudrillards opinion of Marxism In his book, The consumer society (Baudrillard 1998:183), Baudrillard makes the conclusion and commends multiple forms of refusal of common ruling (convention), obvious notable and eye-catching utilisation (consumption), and conventional thinking and behaving, which can ultimately be merged (combined) into a practice of radical change (Baudrillard 1998:183). Baudrillard then goes on to describe a state (situation) where isolation (alienation) in its entirety cannot be improved on since it is the very structure of market society (Baudrillard 1998:190). Baudrillard argues that in a social order (culture), in which everything is seen as a product or service that can be purchased and put up for sale, that isolation (alienation) is total. Thus, isolation (alienation) is ever present in the social order where everything (from products to services) can be bought (Kellner 2007:[sp]). In the early 1970s, Baudrillard had an unsure (ambivalent) relationship with the theory of conventional Marxism in the since that he agreed with the Marxian analysis of the production of social commodities, which ultimately defined and critiqued the various notions of estrangement (alienation), dominant power, and exploitation that was shaped by capitalism. One could say that Baudrillards evaluation of these notions corresponds with the traditional (standard) neo- Marxian viewpoint which puts emphasis on the culpability of Capitalism and makes the assumption that Capitalism is homogenizing, domineering and ruled social class systems whilst depriving individuals of their liberty, originality and imagination, time, and potential (Kellner 2007:[sp]). In contradiction, Baudrillard could never emphasise any revolutionary forces and above all, didnt argue the circumstances and prospectives of the working class as a driving force for an altered (changed) social order of consumption. Thus, with no suggestion of the subject as a participating driving force of societal modification, Baudrillard pursued the structuralist and poststructuralist assessment of the truth-seeking (philosophical) and practical subject matter which was extensively governed in French deliberation. Practitioners of structuralism and post structuralism argued that bias (subjectivity) was shaped by verbal communication (language), societal establishments, and cultural appearances and wasnt sovereign of its creation in these establishments and preparations (Kellner 2007:[sp]). Classical film noir: Definition, Primary characteristics, conventions and historical surroundings The role of the male protagonist In (post-) Marxist noir films, the protagonist is frequently depicted as a single white male, who is usually psychologically troubled due to disloyalty or some form of loss of something in particular. The male protagonist is also usually emotionally crippled or psychologically injured. This summary of the post Marxist noir leading male is applicable to the post Marxist neo-noir picture Memento (Nolan 2000) (Szyszka 2007:[sp]). In Memento (Nolan 2000), Nolan presents the character of Leonard Shelby (Guy Pierce) who could be seen as a combination of the typical private investigator that thrives in noir and neo-noir films and the defective (flawed) insurance salesman of the noir crime picture. The result is a brain damaged insurance investigator. This character in itself is already a complex and interesting one, but Nolen makes Leonard even more complex by turning Leonard into a serial killer who is unaware of the driving forces that influences him to commit these crimes (Szyszka 2007:[sp]). Further characteristics of classical film noir: mood, tone, visual and cinematic elements According to the British Medical Journal (BMJ), that did a study on films dealing with memory, and made the conclusion that in Memento (Nolan 2000)- different from other films dealing with the memory genre- Leonards character (with some form of amnesia) maintains/retains his identity and puts emphasis on a number of strenuous daily problems regarding recollection related to mental disorders (Szyszka 2007:[sp]). After watching this film one could argue that the disjointed, mosaic-like quality of the succession of edited scenes in Memento (Nolan 2000) ingeniously simulates the perpetual present characteristics of memory loss related conditions. The film does not however merely represent mental/neurological illness, but furthermore supports the (post-) Marxian notion of the leading white male point of view. This notion is supported by purposely bringing in a cruel femme fatale character named Natalie (Carrie-Anne Moss). Natalie makes use of Leonard by lying to him, whilst telling him that she is using him, since she is fully aware of Leonards condition and knows that his memory will fade. Yet again, Nolan does so to make a victim of the protagonist in order to distract the viewers from the plot by making use of empathetic relation to the character (Szyszka 2007:[sp]). Neo noir films In the 1990s, spectators all through the world were presented with a newer and darker adaptation of noir, which was concealed within old methods, yet they were presented as fresh and sleek narratives in magnificent colour. One of the things that make 90s neo-noir different from previous recreations of film noir is the reoccurring focal point on mental illness and the dilemmas caused by psychological struggles. Within this new neo-noir, a white male middle-class outlook was reflected, articulating the fear of becoming the solitary objective in an innovative bold politically correct society. neo-noir also emphasised the increasing statistics of mental illness of the 90s in America (Szyszka 2007:[sp]). Neo-noir films were made to retaliate against a variety of minorities occupied with complicated interior clashes that inhabits not only the minds of the characters, but also the mind of the filmmakers. Whereas this is a presumption as to why noir returned (resurfaced), it is evidently apparent that noir- exclusively composed of method (style) over matter (substance) was a new way of thinking in (post-) Marxist filmmaking. By entering the unknown territory of the inner workings of the mind (psyche), as supposed to the usual physical plane of existence that regularly surfaces in the narrative cinema, the matter (substance) was produced (formed) (Szyszka 2007:[sp]). In these types of films, making use of the psychological (mental) state whilst attacking unfit elements disrupting the social order, a new innovative way of filmmaking ensured an interesting and attention-grabbing combination (Szyszka 2007:[sp]). In 90s American cinema, audiences were extremely wrapped-up in paranoia. It was a time of confusion and society was faced with a civic (public) crisis when the need for truth, the status of information, and the determination of truth surfaced (Szyszka 2007:[sp]). It is ordinarily noticeable that postmodern, post-industrial, post- Marxist, and post- cold war social orders (society) shaped and produced an ongoing concern to what is real and how reality could be established and the authorization thereof. The continuing psychological (mental) focal point in/of 90s contemporary American cinema- mainly of neo-noir- revolves around the postmodern panic (fear) and uncertainty over truth and reality. The internet (made available to the public in the 1990s) not only brought an increasing stream of information, but made it more difficult for society to know what to trust and what not to trust. The 90s is known as the era where it was the fastest and easiest way of distribution of propaganda and misinformation, which added a spiralling effect of cynicism and disillusionment of a nation (Szyszka 2007:[sp] ). Strategy of the real The way in which text positions and/or fixes the viewer (consumer) is revealed first and foremost through a significant assessment surrounding the dominant (governing) structures of cinema, demonstrated by the Hollywood system (structure), and its utilization of narrative and realist forms (BaraÃâ¦Ã¢â¬Å¾ski and Short 1985:276). One could argue that the dominating shape of narrative used in mainstream cinema and Television creates a meticulous mode (way) of interpreting the world (dominant society): rather than focussing on the subject matter of the motion picture it is concerned with mysteries and anxiety that focuses on the attention of the audience to the method of narrative resolution, it demands and supplies endings which appear to present straightforward resolutions and conclusions to the struggles it has symbolized (represented), so that it gives a closed view of the world (modern society); attention (interest) is frequently concerned on a single protagonist rather than grou ps, and driving forces is understood in the psychosomatic rather than societal conditions (BaraÃâ¦Ã¢â¬Å¾ski and Short 1985:276). In the same way that it is impossible to rediscover a total (absolute) level of reality it is also impossible to stage a false impression (illusion) of what is real. The possibility of illusion is not possible anymore because the possibility of the real does no longer exist. for instance, should one fabricate (simulate) a break in at a local department store, it would be an interesting observation as to how one would be treated by the repressive state apparatus, as sopposed to what would happen to a person who organised a real brake in. A real brake in would ultimately disturb the natural order of things- individual property rights- whereas the simulation of a robbery ultimately obstructs the code of reality. Misbehaviour and aggression (committing a crime) are not as serious, because it simply challenges the natural (real) order and will be delt with. Simulation of the real is considerably more hazardous given that it constantly implies (suggests), in addition to its object, that re gulation (law) and instruct (order) in itself are merely simulations (Simulacra and Simulations 1988:[sp]). Nevertheless, after simulating a fake robbery, how would one convince the repressive state apparatus that it was merely a simulation of theft? One couldnt, for the reason that there is no objective distinction. Identical motions (gestures) and identical signs are apparent in a simulated robbery as it would in a real theft. As far as the dominant power (Ideological state apparatus and repressive state apparatus) is concerned, they (the gestures and signs) resemble those of a real robbery. After the fake robbery, one would- without knowing- find oneself instantly in the real (one of whose purpose is specifically and ideologically produced to consume all efforts of simulation) reducing everything to reality (Simulacra and Simulations 1988:[sp]). Socialist and radical practitioner have been using realism as a narrative structure, and although they have been criticised since they are significant to the realities they depict, have been presenting information of reality as trouble-free and doesnt properly give possible methods of altering (changing) the world. in addition, they present an uncomplicated truth regarding society. This is the innermost predicament of realism: that it presumes a representation which it considers as the truth, neither inquiring the course of representation nor inserting audiences into position from which they have to work to create an understanding of the text. The significance to the workings of Marxism and (post-) Marxism is that dominant cinema and TV are viewed as two of the positions through which dominant ideology is symbolized (represented) and accomplishes its effects. Narrative forms and realist forms are ideological, and their naturalness and obvious impartialities are conducts of disguising the fact that they create a meticulous vision of the world (BaraÃâ¦Ã¢â¬Å¾ski, Z.G Short, J.R 1985: 277). The revenge film By convincing the viewer that Leonards murderous ways are driven by vengeance (Leonard wants to avenge the rape and murder of his wife by hunting down the alleged murderer, John G) one could say that Nolan relies on the aspect of sympathy .i.e. to sympathise with a character to justify his/her actions (Szyszka 2007:[sp]). Common characteristics Although the film humorously simulates the authorative power of the case-hardened private detective (private- eye) by giving Leonard a voice-over narration, his weakening state-of-mind (short-term memory loss) undermines/and challenges any assertion that Leonard is creating a continuous, consistent narrative- either about himself or about other characters. One could say that one of the main purposes of the confusing voice-over narrative is to include comical relief throughout the picture. This is applicable in the scene where Leonard is apparently chasing a man: Okay, what am I doing? Im chasing this guy. Nope. Hes chasing me. (Szyszka 2007:[sp]). Memento (Nolan 2000), in addition to coming across as a series of fragmented scenes, is also edited so that the narrative plays out backwards. This becomes evidently clear as the protagonist (Leonard Shelby) vigorously lies to himself. One could make the assumption that Leonards condition not only makes the creation of self- trickery (dece ption) achievable but also possibly fatal (Szyszka 2007:[sp]). Analysis of the narrative structure of Christopher Nolans Memento Memento (2000)is a film written and directed by Christopher Nolan (and adapted from the short story of his brother, Jonathan Nolan), revolves around memory. In the film, Leonard Shelby (Guy Pierce), is the protagonist who has lost the ability to/of forming new memories when he was violently assaulted during the rape and murder of his wife in their own home. Now suffering from short-term-memory-loss, Leonard is not able to remember, nor recognise people even after just having interaction with them (people such as the clerk of the hotel where Leonard is staying). Leonard does, however, recall everything that happened in the past preceding his accident. The plot revolves around Leonards condition (as he calls it) and the determination of avenging his wifes death(He has a clear recollection of the actual murder of his wife) (Clarke 2002:167). The combination of his condition and the yearning to avenge the death of his wife requires him to constantly refresh his memory, which he does by making and keeping loads of mysterious/ puzzling (cryptic) notes, by taking Polaroid pictures of everyone he meets (to remember them) and even going so far as to tattoo the facts that leads his investigative search, on his body. Even though Leonard has all these clues, his memory is constantly fading and he has to function in perpetual confusion when he meets people for the first time or when he finds himself at a different location. Thus, one could say that Leonard is constantly exposed to submission (he is easily persuaded or convinced). Leonards condition is so severe that he can instantly forget what he was doing or talking/thinking about. One could argue the hilarity (comical aspect) of this situation of memory loss throughout the film (Clarke 2002:167-168). One such an example is when Leonard is running but doesnt recall why he is running. As he looks around, he quickly becomes aware that someone is running parallel/next to him, when suddenly, one can hear Leonards thoughts. He is thinking: Okay, now, what am I doing? Oh, I must be chasing that guy (Clarke 2002:168). The comical aspect arises when Leonard changes his course and starts to run after the unknown male, when suddenly, the unknown male points his gun at Leonard and starts chasing him (forcing Leonard to change his direction again when the gun is fired) after almost shooting Leonard (Clarke 2002:168). Leonard is also constantly manipulated throughout the film, not only by his own mind, but also by the characters. Various characters (will be made clear later on) misleads Leonard due to his condition and manipulates him into doing their dirty work (Clarke 2002:168). Spectacle has always been the major field of entertainment, but in todays society that is mainly concerned with infotainment, spectacle and entertainment have come into the area of society, economy, politics, and existence in significant original customs. Building on the convention of manifestation, modern figures of entertainment stretching from Television to stage include spectacle society into their schemes, changing film, television, music, Drama and other areas of society, as well as creating original structures of society, such as cyberspace, multimedia, virtual reality and psycho-crime Drama (Kelner, D 2003:4). A plot summery Leonard Shelby had been struck in the back of the head by the rapist/murderer when trying to save his wife, which resulted Leonard to sustain severe mental and physical trauma and nearly destroyed the function of memory making entirely. After recovery, Leonard is now faced with the difficult role of functioning in society without any short-term memory reconciliation. Leonard is, however, able to function in society after learning to retain information through impulse (instinct) and repetition (replication) .i.e. conditioning. He does so by taking Polaroid pictures and writing short notes (information) on them, thus, using the pictures to simulate short-term memory. This simulation evolves further, one could say, due to the fact that Leonard tattoos the fact of his investigation onto his person (like a bodily map of facts and clues). In a classical (post-)Marxist noir-ish style of filmmaking, Leonard is surrounded by characters who exploit his misfortune by helping (assisting) him, mi sleading him, and/or achieving a little of both (Szyszka 2007:[sp]). The narrative structure In the film Memento (Nolan 2000) which could be perceived as a (post-) Marxist film- it is evidently clear that the film relies on gimmick ( a devise used to grab attention). The fact that one has been hailed (interpolated) into a chain of lies can be terrifying upon watching this film, however, what is more terrifying is that the lies were created by ones own need to fabricate a real narrative (Szyszka 2007:[sp]). Just before the ending of Memento (Nolan 2000), Nolan actively places the viewer into Leonard shoes in the scene where Teddy tells Leonard the truth about the death of his wife, creating final confusion to ensure that the viewer partakes in the movie. Nolan does so by actively ensuring that the viewer takes on the role of detective (just like the role of Leonard Shelby) by trying to make sense of (decipher) the narrative truth. This however posts the question: Does one believe the character of Leonard Shelby who constantly confesses to his unreliability? Or does one believe the character of Teddy who discloses that he had been lying to Leonard and that he, himself, is also named John G Gammell? (Szyszka 2007:[sp]). In order to answer this question one has to closely evaluate various scenes from the film. One of the scenes that stands out meticulously (by using flashbacks) is the scene just before the climax of the movie where Teddy informs Leonard that Sammy Jenkins (a man described by Leonard when he talks about his job where he had to investigate an insurance claim made by the wife of Sammy Jenkins) did in actuality, not exist. The viewer is presented with a sequence of flashbacks that changes momentarily which furthermore contributes to the constant confusion of who and what to believe. One thing is certain though, given that the viewer is restricted to Leonards point of view (perspective), that when Leonard makes the subtle realisation (the flashback where he injects his wife with insulin) and squats down to the floor while convincing himself that his wife didnt have diabetes that Sammy Jenkins is in fact just a fabrication in Leonards mind, thus, showing that Teddy tells a version of the t ruth (Szyszka 2007:[sp]). Another scene that convinces one that Leonard is the one lying to himself, is the scene where Leonard tells the story of Sammys wife not believing that Sammys condition is real. She then goes on testing Sammy- according to Leonard- by telling him (Sammy) that it was time for her to be injected with insulin. After Sammy had injected his wife with the medicine she is still convinced that her husband is lying, so she turn back her wristwatch by 15 minutes and tells him that it was time for her to be injected with insulin (she was diabetic and relied on him to inject her even though he suffered from short-term memory loss). After repeating this process yet again Sammys wife overdoses on insulin and dies. Sammy was then placed into a mental asylum and in the final seconds of the black-and-white scene, just before it ends as the camera is closing up on Sammy a nurse walks past the camera-obstructing the view of Sammy- and for a brief second the shot is edited so that one sees Leonard sitti ng in the same chair as where Sammy sat, thus, emphasising that Leonard was in fact the one who was lying to himself through conditioning his mind and ultimately fabricated the story of Sammy Jenkins (Szyszka 2007:[sp]). One could say that in this particular scene, that Leonards memory of Sammy Jenkins is a simulation of himself in order to detach from the traumatic loss of his wife whom was raped and murdered before his very eyes. Here, the (post-) Marxist notion of neo-realism hits the most confusing plane of paranoia by making use of a protagonist who will never be able to believe himself and must constantly remind himself of where he is by leaving himself a postmodern network of clues to function in society (Szyszka 2007:[sp]). unified social reality In cinema, spectacle is presented as all of society, forming a part of the social order and as an instrument of unifying the general public, all at the same time (simultaneously). The spectacle is not a compilation of imagery, but rather a way for people to relate to one another socially, by mediation of imagery. An immense variety of obvious phenomena is explained and unified by the notion of spectacle. Measured in its own conditions, the spectacle confirms how everything should look (appearance) and confirms the nature of humanity (how humans should live), i.e. social life, as mere appearance. However, further analysis of the truth of the spectacle depicts it as noticeable contradictions of life, since spectacle is no longer about visual aesthetic and enriched text, but rather about mainstream cinematic ideology and revenue (Debord 1967:[sp]). Conclusion The master/slave dialectic is the story of the actualisation of a unified social reality. It is also an extension of the story of how the identity of the self is constituted in and through another. It is the story of desire (Diprose 1994:46). Even though the above mentioned excerpt speaks of the female form in modern day society, one could argue that just like the master/slave dialectic, that Leonard represents the slave and everyone else that is using and deceiving him- even his mental condition- are the masters. One could make this conclusion since Leonard is the one being used and mislead (just like the typical female character is usually exploited) without his knowledge. He thus creates, within himself, the longing (desire) to avenge his wifes death. One could thus conclude, that due to the fact that one is presented with a male protagonist, driven by loss and vengeance, in order to find closure and move on with his life, that Memento (Nolan 2000) does represent some form of unified social reality .i.e. the need to move forward. The fact that he never does move on with his life, almost contradicts the previous statement, except, the fact that Leonard is unable to realise this tragedy due to his mental trauma-paired wi th the fact that he is in actuality a serial killer- ensures the unified social reality (in accordance to the dominant power) that he gets what he deserves, an ongoing struggle of redemption. Sources consulted BaraÃâ¦Ã¢â¬Å¾ski, Z.G Short, J.R. 1985. Developing Contemporary Marxism. London: The Macmillan Press LTD. Baudrillard, J. 1998. The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures. Gateshead: Athenà ¦um Press Limited. Clarke, M. 2002. The Space-Time Image: the Case of Bergson, Deleuze, and Memento. The Journal of Speculative Philosophy 16(3): 167-168. Debord, G. 1967. Society of the Spectacle. [O]. Available: http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/debord/society.htm Accessed 5 October 2010 Diprose, R. 1994. The bodies of woman: ethics, embodiment, and sexual difference. London: Routledge. Hurd, R. 2003. Christopher Nolans Memento Analysis of the narrative structure of a noirish revenge film. Paper presented at the Seminar: Decadence and Modernism in Late 20th Century American Cinema, 23 February 2003, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Jean Baudrillard-Biography. [Sa]. [O]. Available: http://www.egs.edu/faculty/jean-baudrillard/biography/ Accessed 2 October 2010 Kelner, D. 2003. Media Spectacle. New York: Routledge Kellner, D. 2007. Jean Baudrillard. [O]. Available: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/baudrillard/ Accessed 1 October 2010 Netto, J.A. 2000. Marxist film theory. [O]. Available: http://www.nettonet.org/Nettonet/Film%20Program/theory/marx-theory.htm Accesed 2 October 2010 Simulacra and Simulations. 1988. [O]. Available: http://www.stanford.edu/dept/HPS/Baudrillard/Baudrillard_Simulacra.html Accessed 30 September 2010 Szyszka, E. 2007. Brain Damage: Neo Noir in the Nineties. [O]. Available: http://thecinephilenewyork.blogspot.com/2007/08/brain-damage-neo-noir-in nineties.html Accessed 3 October 2010 joshuawright1476http://www.blogger.com/profile/06931874209968947098noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-249196977550754610.post-12728961104077411832019-11-13T16:37:00.001-08:002019-11-13T16:37:02.975-08:00Tourettes Syndrome and the :: Biology Essays Research PapersTourette's Syndrome and the "I" Function Tourette's syndrome is characterized by a presentation of verbal and motor tics. The first descriptions of the syndrome, involving symptoms similar to Tourette's, were reported in the nineteenth century. For most of the twentieth century TS was thought to be a psychiatric disorder because of the ability the patients had to suppress their tics. In the past twenty years more biological factors have been introduced in the study of the syndrome, arising from the use of pharmacological treatment and the discovery of hereditary patterns of the disorder. In the diagnosis of Tourette's Syndrome the concept of involuntary tics has become hard to define. Many patients experience a volitional aspect of the tics, "a capitulation to an internal urge for motor discharge accompanied by psychological tension and anxiety Patients who are afflicted with Tourette's syndrome can only describe their symptoms by using terms associated with the "I" function, the consciousness of self and relation to one's environment, and many of their symptoms are associated with or affect the function of their self. This can imply that what ever is causing the symptoms of Tourette's is subsequently affecting the part of the nervous system that controls the self and the "I" function. Most of the studies done on the neuropathology of Tourette's syndrome (TS) have been focus on the basal ganglia, a group of nuclei located mostly in the diencephelon of the brain, a region beneath the cortex. This area has been classically associated with involuntary movement and tic disorders such as Parkinson and Huntington's disease. The neural circuits formed by the basal ganglia and the thalamus are critical for normal function and hypothesized to be required for the planning of movement ranging from simple to complex. Though what these pathways actually do is still very vague the basal ganglia has been found, in normal circumstances, to exert an inhibitory influence on the thalamus. Disruption of this inhibition could correspond with TS in which the making of uncontrolled and unplanned movements are involve. There is evidence that patients with Tourette's syndrome have some structural abnormalities in the region of the basal ganglia, mainly TS patients showed a comparative size reduction in the basal ganglia. There are various different behaviors through which Tourette's syndrome presents itself. The diagnostic categories of TS depend on the presence of tics, alone, although patients with Tourette may have mental or behavioral disorders, which over shadow the severity or impairment on normal function of the tics. joshuawright1476http://www.blogger.com/profile/06931874209968947098noreply@blogger.com0